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Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains coded genetic information (DNA) + controls the metabolic activities of the cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Produces ribosomes

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3
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies & packages proteins

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4
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of cellular respiration, producing ATP

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5
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Jelly-like fluid where chemical reactions happen

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Shape & stability
  • Holds organelles in place
  • Controls cell movement
  • Controls organelle movement
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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Responsible for protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Responsible for synthesis & storage of lipids & carbohydrates

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9
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Responsible for synthesis & transport of proteins

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10
Q

What is the function of the centriole?

A

A component of cytoskeleton involved in assembly& organisation of spindle fibres during cell division (9+2 arrangement)

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11
Q

What are the 3 differences between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have:

  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall
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12
Q

What 7 key organelles do prokaryotic cells have?

A
  • Capsule
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleoid
  • Plasma membrane
  • Flagellum
  • Cell wall
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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides strength and rigidity but is permeable to many small molecules

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14
Q

What are prokaryotic cell walls made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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15
Q

What are plant cell walls made up of?

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

Describe light mircoscopy

A

Uses UV light and several lenses to magnify the image of a specimen

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17
Q

Describe electron microscopy

A

Uses electromagnetic lenses to focus a high velocity electron beam under a high vacuum

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopy?

A
  • Transmission

- Scanning

19
Q

Describe bright-field microscopy

A

Uses a compound microscope to view fixed specimens or live cells

20
Q

What is the difference between confocal and immunofluorescence microscopy

A

Fluorescence Microscope:
- Fluorescent antibodies ‘stain’ specific organelles/structures within the cell
Confocal Microscope:
- Creates a sharper image as it looks at a single focal plane

21
Q

What is the wavelength of light?

22
Q

What is the wavelength of a TEM and a SEM?

23
Q

Describe the specimen in a light microscope

A

Living/non-living on slide

24
Q

Describe the specimen in a TEM

A
  • Non-living
  • Copper grid
  • Vacuum
25
Q

Describe the specimen in a SEM

A
  • Non-living
  • Metal disc
  • Vacuum
26
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a light microscope?

27
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a TEM?

28
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a SEM?

29
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

30
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a TEM?

A

At least X 500,000

31
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a SEM?

32
Q

What is the type of image displayed from a light microscope?

33
Q

What is the type of image displayed from a TEM?

A

2D black and white

34
Q

What is the type of image displayed from a SEM?

A

3D black and white

Colour can be added on a computer

35
Q

Stains for a light microscope

A

Coloured dyes

36
Q

Stains for TEM

A

Heavy metals

37
Q

Stains for SEM

A

Carbon or gold

38
Q

What is the function of a stage micrometer?

A

Calibrates the eyepiece graticule so that it can be used to make measurements

39
Q

What protein forms microtubules?

40
Q

What protein forms microfilaments?

41
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • Double membrane
  • Stromatolites - fluid enclosed
  • Thylakoids - flattened sacs
  • Granum - several thylakoids stacked together
  • Lamellae - join grant together
42
Q

How are prokaryotes different to eukaryotes? (8 points)

A

Prokaryotes:

  • Unicellular
  • Nucleus not present
  • DNA circular (loop of DNA)
  • Has extra DNA called plasmids
  • Organelles are non membrane-bound
  • Ribosomes are smaller (70s)
  • Reproduce through binary fission
  • Cell wall made from murein
43
Q

Describe the production and secretion of proteins

A

1- Nucleus contains the gene for the protein (site of transcription, DNA into mRNA)
2- Protein synthesis translation (mRNA into a.a chain) takes place on ribosomes often on RER
3- Protein transported to golgi in vesicle
4- Golgi modified the protein
5- Protein is packaged into a golgi vesicle
6- Vesicle transported to cell-surface membrane
7- Vesicle fuses to membrane and enzyme leaves cell through exocytosis

44
Q

What does the phospholipid bilayer consist of?

A
  • Hydrophilic phosphate head
  • Hydrophobic lipid tails
  • Integral membrane proteins

Cell Biology (8 decks)

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