Structure and nomenclature of organic compounds Flashcards
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Properties of carbon
- Valency of 4
- extremely strong and stable
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Properties of carbon
Explain stability
The stability of atoms depends on whether or not there out-most shell is filled with electrons. If the outer shell is filled, the atom is stable
-bonds with the highest strength also have the higher stability
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Properties of carbon
Bond strength
(dispersion>hydrogen>covalent)
-C form covalent bonds with each other and other metallic atoms
-Bond energy is affected by:
Bond length; distance between center of bonded atom -shorter length = stronger bond
Size of atom; smaller=stronger bonds
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Alkanols (alcohols)
Description of:
- primary 1°
- secondary 2°
- tertiary 3°
- the hydroxyl (OH) group is on terminal (end) C
- The hydroxyl (OH) group is on middle C, C is only to bonded to 2 other C
- The hydroxyl (OH) is on middle carbon. C is only bonded to 3 other C
Elemental properties of organic compounds Carboxylic acid (carboxyl)
Structure
- C - OH
||
O
Elemental properties of organic compounds Carboxylic acid (carboxyl)
Properties - - - -
- Highly polar (can from H bonds with itself and water)
- high melting points
- name ends in -oic acid-
- generally week acid
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Ester
Structure
- C - O -
||
O
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Ester
Name
‘-yl’ stems from alcohol
‘-oate’ stems from carboxylic acid
Elemental properties of organic compounds
What are haloalkanes
Organic compound like alkanes, except have at least one C-Cl, C-Br, or C-I bond (CnH2n+1)
Chloro, bromo, and iodo
Elemental properties of organic compounds Primary amines (amino)
structure
-NH2
Elemental properties of organic compounds Primary amines (amino)
Properties
- ends in -amine
- Polar
- Can act as weak base
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Ketones (carbonyl)
structure
- C - (C=O)
||
O
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Ketones (carbonyl)
Properties
- Polar
- Melting point = alkanes
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Aldehydes (carbonyl)
structure
- C - H
||
O
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Aldehydes (carbonyl)
Properties
- polar
- melting point = alkanes
- cannot bond with other aldehydes
Elemental properties of organic compounds Primary amides (amides)
structure
|
- C - N -
||
O
Elemental properties of organic compounds Primary amides (amides)
Properties
- polar
- can bond with other amide
- high melting point
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Benzene
structure
C6H6 (forms double bond with second c(3), 6 sided hexagon)
Elemental properties of organic compounds
Ether
structure
- O -
Elemental properties of organic compounds
IUPAC systematic naming
Haloalkanes
- # C chain begins at end of first halo group
- List halo group in alphabetical order
C - C - C 1-brromopropane
|
Br
Elemental properties of organic compounds
IUPAC systematic naming
Alcohol (same for amine)
-Start C chain from end closest to hydroxyl group
C - C - C - C butan-2-ol
|
O
|
H
Elemental properties of organic compounds
IUPAC systematic naming
Hydrocarbons
Start # from double/ triple bond
Elemental properties of organic compounds
IUPAC systematic naming
Ester
O
||
- C - C - O - C - C - C
Propyl Ethanoate
Elemental properties of organic compounds
IUPAC systematic naming
Carboxylic acid
Carboxyl group is always carbon 1
O
|| C - C - C - C - O - H
