Structure and mechanism of the kidney

Question 1

What do kidneys do?

Answer 1

Filter blood to produce urine

Question 2

What do kidneys look like?

Answer 2

They are paired organs and roughly size of a clenched fist

Question 3

Which organisms are kidneys found in?

Answer 3

Vertebrates and some invertebrates

Question 4

Where are kidneys found in humans?

Answer 4

Against the backdrop of of abdominal cavity just above the waist and surrounded by a layer of protective fat

Question 5

How is body fluid composition be adjusted?

Answer 5

by what the kidney keeps as it adjusts urine composition

Question 6

What are homeostatic functions of the kidney?

Answer 6

Electrolyte balance, blood pressure and acid base balance

Question 7

What role do the kidneys play in electrolyte balance?

Answer 7

Salt levels are adjusted and excess is excreted

Question 8

What role do the kidneys play in blood pressure?

Answer 8

Can adjust the volume of water in the blood

Question 9

What role does the kidneys play in play in acid base balance?

Answer 9

If body is more acidic, the kidneys excrete more acid

Question 10

What is the ureter?

Answer 10

Tube carrying urine away from each kidney to the urinary bladder

Question 11

What is the urinary bladder?

Answer 11

Urine reservoir

Question 12

What is the urethra?

Answer 12

Tube leading from urinary bladder to the outside and urine is removed by urination

Question 13

Where are the adrenal glands found?

Answer 13

On top of the kidney

Question 14

What are the structures in the kidney?

Answer 14

Protective capsule, renal artery and vein, central cavity, cortex and medulla

Question 15

Wha is the protective capsule?

Answer 15

It is tough and fibrous and surrounds the kidney

Question 16

What is the cortex?

Answer 16

An outer layer containing renal capsules and convoluted tubules

Question 17

What is the medulla?

Answer 17

Inner layer containing loop of Henle and collecting ducts, divided into triangular pyramids

Question 18

What is the central cavity?

Answer 18

Contains the pelvis and is continuous with the ureter

Question 19

What is the unit of the kidney?

Answer 19

A nephron

Question 20

What is the structure of a nephron?

Answer 20

Wide afferent arteriole into glomerulus, which is surrounded y the renal capsule into the proximal convoluted tue in the loop of Henle, and out the distal convoluted tubule

Question 21

Where is the loop of Henle found?

Answer 21

In a nephron

Question 22

What is the structure of a loop of Henle?

Answer 22

A descending limb from the proximal convoluted tubule then into the descending limb

Question 23

What does the cortex contain?

Answer 23

Renal corpuscules

Question 24

What do renal corpuscules look like?

Answer 24

Halos

Question 25

What is the structure of renal corpuscules?

Answer 25

An outer envelope of simple squamous epithelium (bowman’s capsule) surrounding a fluid filled space (bowman’s space) within which suspended is a glomerulus

Question 26

What does most of thee cortex consist of?

Answer 26

Convoluted tubules

Question 27

How do distil convoluted tubules appear?

Answer 27

More open

Question 28

How do proximal convoluted tubules appear?

Answer 28

Not open

Question 29

What does the medulla consist of?

Answer 29

Only tubules

Question 30

What does the basement membrane contain?

Answer 30

Collagen mesh block molecules

Question 32

What does the basement membrane filter out?

Answer 32

Anything larger than a plasma protein and heparin sulfate

Question 33

What is heparin sulfate?

Answer 33

A negatively charged molecule that repels negative molecules

Question 34

What is the difference between filtration and ultrafiltration?

Answer 34

Filtration at a molecular level

Question 35

Where does selective reabsorption occur?

Answer 35

In the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 36

What molecules are reabsorbed?

Answer 36

Sodium, amino acids and glucose

Question 37

What does recovery produce?

Answer 37

Filtrate than is isotonic to the blood

Question 38

What are recovery methods?

Answer 38

Active transport, pinocytosis, osmosis and urea

Question 39

What does active transport recover?

Answer 39

Glucose, amino acids and minerals

Question 40

What does pinocytosis recover?

Answer 40

Small proteins

Question 41

What does osmosis recover?

Answer 41

Water follows passively

Question 42

How do molecules move int the blood?

Answer 42

Through cuboidal epithelial cell from filtrate into basal channels then into blood

Question 43

How is glucose reabsorbed by co-transporter proteins?

Answer 43

1. Na+/K+ pumps remove Na+ from PCT cell and low internal Na+ sets up conc. gradient 2. Entry of Na+ ions in symporter used to move glucose into PCT cell 3. Glucose out of PCT cell by facilitated diffusion 4. Moves into blood down conc. gradient