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comsci - structures and functions of the processor > structure and functions of processors > Flashcards

structure and functions of processors Flashcards

1
Q

CPU components

A

CU, buses, ALU, registers

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2
Q

control unit (CU)

A

coordinates the activity of all other components

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3
Q

bus

A

consists of a series of connectors that transfer signals between internal components

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4
Q

system bus

A

consists of the control,address and data bus

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5
Q

control bus

A

carries control signals

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6
Q

address bus

A

carries memory addresses

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7
Q

data bus

A

carries data

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8
Q

control signals (list)

A

memory read, memory write, bus request, bus grant, clock

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9
Q

memory read

A

causes data from the addressed location in RAM to be placed on the data bus

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10
Q

memory write

A

causes data on the data bus to be written into the address location in RAM

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11
Q

bus request

A

indicates that a device is requesting use of the data bus

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12
Q

bus grant

A

indicates that the CPU has granted access to the data bus

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13
Q

clock

A

used to synchronise operations

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14
Q

arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

A

performs arithmetic, logical and shift operations

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15
Q

accumulator (Acc)

A

stores the result of the operation done in the ALU

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16
Q

registers

A

small amounts of memory in the CPU (therefore fast access) that store a specific piece of information

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17
Q

program counter (PC)

A

holds the memory address of the next instruction to be executed

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18
Q

current instruction register (CIR)

A

holds the current instruction, split into opcode and operand

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19
Q

memory address register (MAR)

A

holds the address in memory where the processor is required to fetch/store data from/to

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20
Q

memory data register (MDR)

A

holds the data moving between the processor and main memory

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21
Q

accumulator (Acc)

A

holds the results of the operation executed by the ALU

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22
Q

fetch steps (fetch-execute cycle)

A
  1. the address of the next instruction copied for the PC to the MAR
  2. the instruction held at the address in the MAR in copied to the MDR and the contents of PC are incremented to point to the next instruction
  3. the contents of the MDR are copied to the CIR
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23
Q

decode steps (fetch-execute cycle)

A
  1. the instruction held in the CIR is decoded
  2. it is split into operand and opcode to determine the type of instruction, additional required data is fetched from memory if required
  3. and passed to the accumulator
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24
Q

execute steps (fetch-execute cycle)

A
  1. the instruction executed and the result is held in the Acc or stored in memory
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25
Q

opcode

A

specifies the operation that is to be carried out

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26
Q

operand

A

address of data to be used (this is copied to the MAR) or data to be used (this is copied to the MDR)

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27
Q

words

A

equal units of memory each of which has a separate memory address

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28
Q

address bus width

A

determines the maximum possible memory address of the system

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29
Q

data bus direction

A

bi-directional

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30
Q

data bus width

A

the number of wires/lines it contains

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31
Q

machine code instruction format

A

opcode (basic machine operation + addressing mode) + operand

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32
Q

how clock speed affects cpu perfromance

A

the faster the clock speed the more instructions are fetched, decoded and executed faster

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33
Q

system clock

A

a series of regular on/off signals used to synchronise the operations of the processor components

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34
Q

rising edge

A

actions are usually carried out on the rising edge of the clock

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35
Q

factors affecting CPU performance

A

clock speed, cache size and type, number of cores

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36
Q

how number of cores affects cpu performance

A

each core is theoretically able to process a different instruction at once

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37
Q

parallel procesing

A

using several processor cores working at the same time

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38
Q

cache

A

a small amount of memory on/near the processor (therefor very fast access) that stores data and instructions that have recently been used by the processor (levels 1&2 cache are held on the processor)

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39
Q

level 2 cache

A

larger but slower than level 1 cache

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40
Q

level 1 cache

A

split into instruction and data cache, data and instructions are fetched simultaneously

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41
Q

how cache affects cpu performanche

A

more cache reduces the likelihood of having to fetch from RAM therefore data can be fetched faster

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42
Q

pipelining

A

a technique used to improve performance by overlapping stages in the fetch-execute cycle or breaking down and overlapping the stages in arithmetic instruction

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43
Q

stored program concept

A

a program must be loaded to main memory to be executed

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44
Q

von neumann architecture - uses

A

PCs, laptops, servers, high performance computers

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45
Q

von neumann architecture - storage

A

data and instructions share the same memory and use the same word length

46
Q

von neumann architecture - buses

A

one for data and instructions

47
Q

von neumann architecture - control unit

A

one bus is simpler for control unit design

48
Q

harvard architecture - uses

A

digital signal processing, microcontrollers, embedded systems

49
Q

harvard architecture - storage

A

data and instructions are held in separate memory with different word lengths

50
Q

harvard architecture - buses

A

separate buses for data and instructions

51
Q

harvard architecture - control unit

A

a control unit for 2 buses is more expensive and complicated

52
Q

contemporary processor/architecture

A

desktops have one main memory for data and instructions cache is divided into an instruction cache and data cache thus data and instructions are fetched with harvard architecture

53
Q

complex instruction set computer (cisc)

A

a large instruction set is used to accomplish tasks in as few lines of assembly as possible

54
Q

reduced instruction set computers (risc)

A

a minimum number of simple instructions, each taking one clock cycle are used to accomplish all the required operations in multiple general purpose registers

55
Q

CISC - advantages

A

quicker to code programs, compiler has very little work to translate a high-level language statement into machine code, the code is relatively short thus very little RAM is required to store instructions

56
Q

RISC - advantages

A

the hardware is simpler to build with fewer circuits needed for carrying out complex instructions, pipelining is possible as each instruction takes the same amount of time, risc use of ram allows better performance processors at less cost

57
Q

multicore processor

A

able to distribute workload across multiple processor cores, thus achieving significantly higher performance by performing several tasks in parallel

58
Q

co-processor

A

an extra processor used to supplement the functions of the primary processor (CPU)

59
Q

graphics processing unit (GPU)

A

a specialised electronic circuit consisting of thousands of small efficient cores, which is very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing

60
Q

input devices

A

transfer data from an external source to the computer

61
Q

manual input devices

A

keyboards, pointing devices, microphones, touch screens

62
Q

barcode systems

A

UPC-A, code 128

63
Q

universal product code version A (UPC-A)

A

can only represent numeric digits, used in retail and warehousing

64
Q

code 128

A

can represent letters and numbers, used in transport and shipment tracking

65
Q

quick response (QR) codes

A

2D barcodes and can be read by smartphones or tablets

66
Q

2D scanners

A

used to convert a hard/paper copy document/photo into a computer readable format

67
Q

3D facec recognition

A

specialist software measures and compares the proportions of a face with those stored

68
Q

3D scanners

A

many rely on tomography (to image something in very thin slices)

69
Q

sensors

A

a hardware device that can take measurement of physical properties from real world surroundings

70
Q

monitor

A

values are reported but no changes are made

71
Q

control

A

process of operations and value of the next input can be altered and the output can affect the next input

72
Q

detection systems

A

monitor intruders stepping near windows/values with pressure sensors
pick up the sounds of breaking glass/footsteps with acoustic sensors
pick up movement/changes in temperature with infra-red sensors

73
Q

monitoring systems

A

user first activates system with a PIN or placing alarm fob near a receive
sensors constantly monitor the rooms
data is converted to digital form with an ADC and is sent to microprocessor

74
Q

output devices

A

convert computer produced data to a readable form

75
Q

inkjet printers

A

small, inexpensive, ink prices are marked up

76
Q

laser printers

A

use dry powdered ink (toner), used in businesses, fast and reliable, good print quality

77
Q

dot matrix printers

A

strike an inked ribbon which inprints dots to form letters on a page, used where multi-part stationary is needed, effective in damp and dirty atmospheres, noisy, poor print quality, expensive

78
Q

3D printers

A

can print intricate objects with hollow areas using plastic filament,powdered resin, ceramic, metal or paper

79
Q

medical applications of 3D printers

A

manufacturing prosthetics/orthodics, reconstructive surgery, general surgery

80
Q

artistic applications of 3D printers

A

prototyping

81
Q

manufacturing applications of 3D printers

A

manufacturing parts for cars

82
Q

radio frequency ID (RFID)

A

powered receiver emits radio frequency energy, transponder antenna becomes energised, transponder can send data to receiver

83
Q

uses of RFID

A

security controls or identifying people, animals, goods or values, shipping and supply chain tracking for goods

84
Q

passive tags

A

have no power source, rely on radio waves from the receiver, need to be close to receiver

85
Q

active tags

A

use a larger buttery powered beacon can broadcast its own signal to receivers from up to 300m away

86
Q

actuators

A

motors commonly used with sensors to control a mechanism

87
Q

speakers/headers

A

digital data is sent to a DAC, the signal is then boosted with an amplifier

88
Q

liquid crystal display (LDC) screens

A

contain groups of red, green and blue diodes to form each pixel, these screens need backlighting using CCFLs or LEDs as they don’t emit light

89
Q

LEDs over CCFLs

A

LEDs reach max brightness near immediately, LEDs produce sharper images, LEDs produce brighter light thus better picture definition, LEDs are smaller so screens can be thinner

90
Q

organic LED screens

A

plastic thus more flexible, brighter, thinner and lighter, less power consumption, larger field of view

91
Q

multimedia light projectors

A

compact, high resolution, full colour projectors, converts video signal into a viewable image and projects it on a screen

92
Q

random access memory (RAM)

A

stores OS, running programs and data in use, volatile, read/write

93
Q

read only memory (ROM)

A

bootup instructions, non-volatile, read only

94
Q

virtual memory

A

a part of the hard drive used as a RAM extension

95
Q

magnetic storage (HDD)

A

concentric tracks are created on a magnetic disk, the disk spins quickly, spinning platters are each read by disk heads, data is read/written as a sector moves under the head

96
Q

HDD - properties

A

fast read/write speeds, relatively cheap per TB

97
Q

solid state storage

A

commonly use non-volatile flash memory

98
Q

SSD - properties

A

durable, consume less power, more portable, more expensive than HDDs, very fast access speed

99
Q

USB flash drives - properties

A

max capacity: 128Gb, prices start low, can use password protection, useful for data transfer

100
Q

optical disks - properties

A

cheap to manufacture and distribute, robust during carriage, light weight, suited for software mailing, have medium access speed

101
Q

optical disk formats

A

read only (ROM), recordable (R), re-writeable (RW)

102
Q

CD-ROM uses

A

software distribution

103
Q

CD-R uses

A

copying games, software, audio/video files, documents

104
Q

CD-RW uses

A

short/medium term backup or file transfer

105
Q

DVD/BluRay uses

A

films

106
Q

CD-ROM capacity

A

700MB

107
Q

DVD capacity

A

4.7GB - 8.5GB

108
Q

BluRay capacity

A

25GB - 50GB

109
Q

SSD capacity

A

4GB - 2TB

110
Q

HDD capacity

A

512GB - 6TB

comsci - structures and functions of the processor (9 decks)

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