Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Structure and function of the eye > Flashcards

Structure and function of the eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between basal and reflex tears?

A

Basal tears are produced in absence of irritation or stimulation.
Reflex tears are a result of irritation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the production of reflex tears

A

Afferent detection of irritation from the cornea innervated by V1 ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve.
Efferent to parasympathetic nerve to lacrimal gland
ACh is the neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the production and drainage of tears during crying

A

Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland
They drain via two pact and the upper and lower medial lid margins
Pass through superior and inferior canniculi which converge to a single canniculi
Drains the tear sac via the tear duct/nasolacrimal duct -> inferior meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the purpose of the tear film?

A

Maintains a smooth cornea-air surface
Supplies oxygen and nutrients as there is no blood supply
Clears surface debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the layers of the tear film?

A

Superficial oily layer: reduces tear film evaporation, produced by Meibomian glands
Aqueous tear film; contains oxygen, nutrients and bactericide. Lubricates the eye.
Mucinous layer; Makes sure tear film adheres to the eye. Mucin molecules bind water molecules to hydrophobic corneal epithelial surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Thin layer above the cornea; highly vascular, has conjunctival goblet cells which produce mucin molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three layers of the coating of the eye and their function?

A

Sclera: maintains shape of the eye, has a high water content
Choroid: provides circulation
Retina: (neurosensory) converts light into nerve impulses to be sent to the brain via optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the cornea and features of it

A 
Dome-shaped convex curvature
Higher refractive index than air
provides 2/3rd of eye focusing power
Continuous with the sclera
Low water content
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the layers of the cornea?

A 
Epithelium
Bowman's membrane
Stroma; provides sensation and nutrients
Descemet's membrane
Endothelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of the endothelium layer of the cornea?

A

Pumps fluid out of the stroma to prevent corneal oedema and blurred vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the uvea?

A

Consists of the iris, ciliary body and choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the lens structure and function

A

Outer acellular capsule
Regular inner elongated cell fibres; contributes to transparency
Higher refractive index than aqueous/vitreous humour
Provides 1/3rd of eye refractive power
Able to change shape and focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is meant by accommodation?

A

When the lens changes its shape in order to focus on near and distant objects e.g. near objects need thicker lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are lens zonules?

A

Also known as the suspensory ligaments.
They suspend the lens by connecting them to ciliary muscles. (passive connective tissue)
They do not contract, just pass force from contraction of ciliary muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the macula?

A

Central part of retina, temporal to optic nerve
Responsible for detailed vision.
The fovea is the centra of the macula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two anatomical segments of the eye?

A

Anterior: cornea to lens contains aqueous humour. Supplies nutrients.
Posterior: posterior to the lens contains vitreous humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the ciliary body located?

A

Between the anterior and posterior segments, behind the iris.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the layers of the iris?

A

Anterior; stromal layer which is provided by the choroid, contains muscle fibres
Posterior; epithelial layer which is provided by the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is aqueous fluid produced and drained?

A

Produced by the ciliary body
Does not require a concentration gradient, it is energy dependent.
Aqueous fluid travels to the anterior chamber to circulate,
It is reabsorbed in the scleral-corneal angle where the trabecular meshwork is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two pathways of drainage for the aqueous fluid?

A

Uvea-scleral pathway: 20% drainage occurs here, resistance dependent pathway, fluid leaks between the sclera and choroid.
Schlemm’s canal/trabecular meshwork: 80% of drainage, goes to the aqueous veins and bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the normal eye intraocular pressure?

A

12-21mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you treat increased eye pressure?

A

Prostaglandin analogues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a ‘definition’ of glaucoma?

A

Optic neuropathy with retinal ganglion death, optic nerve fibre loss, enlarged optic disc cupping, visual field loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the pressure standard for ocular hypertension?

A

21+mmHg with no development of glaucoma

25
Q

What is primary open angle glaucoma?

A

Most common

Functional blockage of the trabecular meshwork

26
Q

What is closed angle glaucoma, risk factors, presentation?

A

Chronic or acute
Forward displacement of iris/lens causes narrowing of trabecular meshwork pathway
Risk factors; small eye (hypermetropia)
Presents with painful red eye and acute drop in vision

27
Q

What is the treatment for closed angle glaucoma?

A

Peripheral laser iridotomy; drainage hole in the iris is created

28
Q

What is meant by central vision?

A 
Necessary for focussed vision
Day and coloured vision
Fovea has the highest conc. of cones
Needed for facial recognition and reading
Assessment of visual acuity
29
Q

What is meant by peripheral vision?

A

Necessary to detect motion, shape, night vision
Assessed by visual field assessment
Intact peripheral vision with loss of visual acuity can be classified as blindness

30
Q

What is the connection between the choroid and retina?

A

The choroid is the blood supply to the outer 1/3rd of the retina (photoreceptors)

31
Q

Describe the structure of the retina

A

Retinal pigment epithelium; provides nutrients and removes metabolic debris from the photoreceptors
Neuroretina

32
Q

Describe the layers of the neuroretina

A

Outer layer: photoreceptors capture light
Horizontal cells modulate the signal from the photoreceptors
Middle layer: bipolar cells regulate the sensitivity
Inner layer: retinal ganglion cells pass the signal from the eye to the brain

33
Q

How can you visualised the macula?

A

Use optical coherence tomography

34
Q

Describe rod photoreceptors and their location

A

Long outer segment with photo-sensitive pigment
Needed in night vision, detecting motion, peripheral vision (scotopic vision)
Slow response to light
100 times more sensitive than cones
Highly concentrated outside the macula, 20-40 degrees away from the fovea
120 million rods

35
Q

Describe cone photoreceptors and their location

A

Less sensitive to light
Faster response
Detailed daylight and colour vision (photopic vision)
Only concentrated within the macula, 0 degrees from the fovea
60 million cones

36
Q

What is the frequency of the human visual spectrum?

A

400-700nm

37
Q

What are the rod and cone photopigments?

A

Rod: 498nm, blue-green
Cone: S (blue), M (green), L (red)

38
Q

What is the most common colour vision deficiency called and caused by?

A

Deuteranomly (red-green colour blindness); M cone sensitivity shifts towards L-cone so causes red-green confusion

39
Q

What is meant by dichromatism and monochromatism?

A

Dichromatism; absence of one of the cone photopigments

Monochromatism; complete absence of colour vision

40
Q

What is meant by anomalous trichromatism?

A

When colour blindness is caused by a shifted peak

41
Q

How is red-green colour blindness identified?

A

Ishihara colour perception test

42
Q

What is dark adaptation?

A

When photoreceptors become more sensitive to light in the dark
Cones; adapt within 7 minutes
Rods; more sensitive so adapt in 30mins, must generate rhodopsin

43
Q

What is light adaptation?

A 
Adaptation from dark to light
Takes 5 minutes
Bleaching of photopigments
Rod/cone function inhibition
Neuro-adaptation
44
Q

What is pupil adaptation?

A

Constriction of pupil in response to light

45
Q

What is the index of refraction formula?

A

Index of refraction= speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in medium

46
Q

Difference between convex and concave lens?

A

Convex: light rays converge onto focal point
Concave: light rays diverge

47
Q

Which structures in the eye help concentrate light?

A

Cornea and lens focus light rays onto the retina

48
Q

Which structures in the eye regulate light entry?

A

Pupil and pigmented uvea (absorbs excess scattered light within the eye)

49
Q

What is meant by emmetropia?

A

Eyes are relaxed and lens is focused on object far away. Light rays are almost parallel and rays are focused on the retina without effort ( no accomodation).

50
Q

What is meant by ametropia?

A

When there is axial length and refractive power mismatch. Parallel light rays do not fall on the retina.
Near-sightedness (myopia), Far-sightedness (hyperopia)

51
Q

What is the pathology of myopia?

A 
Light rays converge at a point anterior to the retina
Eyeball is longer (axial/globe length)
Excessive refractive index
Genetic disposition
Squint to improve visual acuity
Correct using concave lenses
52
Q

What is the pathology of hyperopia?

A

Light rays converge at a point posterior to the retina
Short globe/axial length
Inadequate refractive power (flat corneal surface)
Asthenopic/eye strain symptoms; eye pain, headache in frontal region, burning
Correct using convex lenses or intraocular lenses

53
Q

What is Amblyopia?

A

Lazy eye, uncorrected hyperopia of more than 5 diopters

54
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Parallel rays converge in two lines rather than one.
Cornea is of oval not spherical shape.
Refractive power varies along different planes.
Asthenotopic symptoms; blurred vision, spinning
Treat using cylinder lenses or rigid contact lenses or surgery.

55
Q

What is accommodation and how does it occur?

A

Contraction of ciliary muscles, relaxation of zonule fibres.
Absence of zonular tension causes lens to relax into convex shape due to elasticity.
Increases refractive power of the lens
Mediated by CNIII

56
Q

Describe the near response triad

A
  1. Pupillary mitosis; increases depth of field
  2. Convergence; medial recti of both eyes
  3. Accomodation; makes lens thicker to increase refractive power
57
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Naturally occurring (40+ yrs) loss of accomodation
Due to hardening of crystalline lens
Loss of visual acuity in near objects
May still be emmetropic for far objects
Treat using positive convex/converging lens to increase optical power

58
Q

What is Anisometropia?

A

Anisometropia is the condition in which the two eyes have unequal refractive power. Each eye can be nearsighted (myopia), farsighted (hyperopia) or a combination of both, which is called antimetropia

Neuroscience (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions