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Haemotology > Structure and function of normal red blood cells > Flashcards

Structure and function of normal red blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

red blood cells have a many ————– to keep the ion concentrations right

A

sodium-potassium pumps

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2
Q

sodium potassium pumps help

A

keep water out

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3
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

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4
Q

hemoglobin is a ——————- protein

A

tetrameric globular

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5
Q

what is the heme group?

A

fe2+ and flat porphyrin ring

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6
Q

how many heme groups are there?

A

one heme per subgroup

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7
Q

one oxygen molecule binds to

A

one Fe2+

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8
Q

what are the functions of haemoglobin?

A

deliver oxygen to tissues
act as a buffer for H+
CO2 transportation

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9
Q

where is the hypoxia sensor located?

A

in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys

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10
Q

erythropoietin is produced in the?

A

kidneys

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11
Q

erythropoietin stimulates ———— to undergo hyperplasia?

A

erythron

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12
Q

the erythron is located in the?

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

what are the raw materials required to make red blood cells?

A

iron, folate and B12

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14
Q

what type of response is red cell production?

A

negative feedback

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15
Q

where does red cell destruction normally take place?

A

spleen (and liver)

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16
Q

what is the average life-span of red blood cells

A

120 days

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17
Q

which cells take out aged red cells?

A

macrophages

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18
Q

the globe chains are recycled to?

A

amino acids

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19
Q

what is the heme group broken down to?

A

iron and bilirubin

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20
Q

bilirubin is taken to?

A

liver and conjugated

21
Q

conjugated bilirubin is present in?

A

bile (colors faeces and urine)

22
Q

lots of free radicals are generated from?

A

the oxygen present around the red cell

23
Q

how can freee radicals cause challenges for red cells?

A

they oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+

damage proteins

24
Q

what is the glycolysis pathway called?

A

embed-meyerhof pathway

25
Q

what is sacrificed to prevent oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+

A

NADH

26
Q

what is Fe3+ called?

A

metHB

27
Q

what prevents oxygen from becoming superoxide?

A

superoxidase dismutase

28
Q

what does superoxide cause?

A

interacts with proteins, DNA etc and damages their structure

29
Q

what converts hydrogen peroxide to water?

A

peroxidase catalase

30
Q

superoxide is converted to?

A

hydrogen peroxide

31
Q

what protects us from hydrogen peroxide by reacting with it to form water?

A

glutathione

32
Q

when glutathione reacts with hydrogen peroxide you get?

A

water and an oxidized glutathione product

33
Q

how is oxidized glutathione replenished?

A

NADPH

34
Q

what generates NADPH?

A

the hexose monophosphate shunt

35
Q

what is the rate-limiting enzyme in this process?

A

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

36
Q

majority of CO2 is transported as?

A

bicarbonate

37
Q

in tissues Co2 and water make?

A

H2CO3

38
Q

what enzymecatalyses Co2 and Water?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

39
Q

H2CO3 then forms?

A

H+ and HCO3- and Cl-

40
Q

where does Cl- come from?

A

it enters to presence potential

41
Q

how is H= buffered?

A

by deoxygenated Hb

42
Q

how is HCO3- exported?

A

facilitated diffusion between Cl-

43
Q

what is the Hb allosteric effect?

A

as one oxygen bind to a subunit the Hb changes shape and this alters how easy it is for the next O2 to bind to a different subunit changing shape again, cooperative binding

44
Q

what is different about foetal hemoglobin?

A

as maternal blood flows through the placenta at the same partial pressure, there is increased foetal hemoglobin saturation than normal haemoglobin saturation

45
Q

small molecules can interact with Hb and?

A

affect the shape of the curve and how much oxygen is delivered to the tissues

46
Q

in chronic anaemia what pathway is activated?

A

Rapapoport-Lubering shunt

47
Q

this is when 1,3 bisphosphoglycaerate is converted to?

A

2,3,BPG

48
Q

2,3, BPG causes the curve to shift?

A

to the right resulting in more O2 delivered to tissues

Haemotology (7 decks)

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