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Biology > Structure and function of eukaryotic organelles > Flashcards

Structure and function of eukaryotic organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of nucleus

A
  • large structure
  • contains chromatin (forms chromosomes)
  • contains nucleolus and nuclear envelope
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2
Q

Function of nucleus

A

controls metabolic activities and contain genetic material

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3
Q

Structure of nuclear envelope

A
  • double membrane
  • nuclear pores for tRNA + genetic information to pass
  • genetic information (DNA is stored here)
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4
Q

Function of the nuclear envelope

A
  • allows tRNA molecules with genetic information to pass through for protein synthesis, outside the nucleus in the ribosomes
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5
Q

Structure of nucleolus

A
  • within the nucleus
  • made up of proteins and RNA
  • takes up around 25% of the volume of the nucleus
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6
Q

Function of nucleolus

A
  • responsible for the production of ribosomes

- ribosomal RNA is produced, which combines with ribosomes necessary for protein synthesis

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7
Q

Structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • contains many ribosomes
  • THINK - ribosomes = rough
  • made of tubules, vesicles and cisternae
  • cisternae = flattened membrane discs (involved in modification of proteins)
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8
Q

Functions of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • responsible for the synthesis and transportation of proteins
  • THINK - ribosomes = PROTEIN synthesis
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9
Q

Structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • contains no ribosomes
  • a network of tube-like structures that have a large surface area for storage of key enzymes
  • connected to the outer membrane of the nucleus
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10
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • stores and synthesises lipids

- stores and synthesises carbohydrates

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11
Q

Structure of golgi apparatus

A
  • similar to endoplasmic reticulum
  • compact structure of cisternae
  • does not contain ribosomes
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12
Q

Function of golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies proteins and ‘packages’ then into vesicles
  • if staying in the cells, its for be lysosomes
  • if leaving the cell, its for secretory vesicles
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13
Q

Structure of a ribosome

A
  • free floating in cytoplasm / attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • no membrane
  • made of RNA molecules, constructed in nucleus
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14
Q

Function of ribosome

A
  • translates tRNA into a long string of amino acids, during protein synthesis
  • site of protein synthesis
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15
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane folded into cristae (contains enzymes for aerobic respiration)
  • fluid interior = matrix (contains ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA - mtDNA)
  • can reproduce own enzymes and themselves
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16
Q

Function of mitochondria

A
  • site of final stages of cellular respiration (energy stored in bonds of complex
  • organic molecule ATP made available for cell to use
17
Q

Structure of vesicles

A
  • membranous sacs with single membrane and fluid inside
18
Q

Function of vesicles

A
  • transport materials inside the cell
19
Q

Structure of lysosomes

A
  • special form of vesicles

- contain hydrolytic enzymes

20
Q

Function of lysosomes

A
  • breaking down waste materials in the cell
  • immune system = break down pathogens ingested by phagocytic cells
  • important role in apoptosis or cell death
21
Q

Structure of centrioles

A
  • component of cytoskeleton
  • composed of microtubules
  • in most eukaryotic cells, not flowering plants and most fungi
  • centrosome = 2 associated centrioles responsible for assembly and organisation of spindle fibres in cell division
22
Q

Function of centrioles

A
  • gives cells shape and stability

- responsible for cell movement and movement of organelles within the cell

23
Q

Structure of cilia

A
  • two central microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules like a wheel in “9+2” arrangement
  • pairs of parallel microtubules slide over each other = move in beating motion
  • on the surface of cells
24
Q

Function of cilia

A
  • mobile / stationary
  • stationary = important role in sensory organs e.g. nose
  • mobile cilia = beat in rhythmic manor - move fluid + objects e.g. woft egg through fallopian tubes, towards uterus or mucus away from lungs
25
Q

Structure of plasma membrane

A
  • embedded with proteins and cholesterol

- plasma membrane composed of phospholipid bilayer

26
Q

Function of the plasma membrane

A
  • protect cell from surroundings

- regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell

27
Q

Name the 3 structures within the cytoskeleton

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate fibres (composed of fibres)
28
Q

Structure and function of microtubules

A
  • scaffold-like structures determines cells shape
  • globular tubular proteins polymerise to form tubes
  • acts a track for movement of organelles
  • spindle fibres controlled by these
29
Q

Structure and function of microfilaments

A
  • contractile fibres formed from protein, actin

- responsible: cell movement + cell contraction during cytokinesis

30
Q

Structure and function of intermediate fibres

A
  • gives mechanical strength to cells, to maintain integrity
31
Q

Structure of flagella

A
  • much longer than cilia but fewer in number

- hair-like extensions that extend past some cell types

32
Q

Function of flagella

A
  • enable cell motility

- sometimes used as cell organelle - detects chemical changes in cells environment

33
Q

Structure of chloroplasts

A
  • found in all green parts of cell (not roots)
  • contain DNA and ribosomes
  • double membrane structure (stroma)
  • network of membranes = flattened sacs (thylakoids) stacked together form granum.
  • grana joined by membranes (lallae)
  • grana contain chlorophyll pigments
34
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A
  • site of photosynthesis

- internal membrane: large surface area for enzymes, proteins and pigment molecules for photosynthesis

35
Q

Structure of cell wall

A
  • made of complex carbohydrate (cellulose)
  • freely permeable
  • surrounds cell-surface membrane
36
Q

Function of cell wall

A
  • gives cells shape keeps cell rigid due to components of cell pressing against it
  • substances can pass through (freely permeable)
  • defence mechanism - blocks out pathogens + any other foreign substances

Biology (11 decks)

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