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Intro BCH > Structure And Function of Cellular Organelles > Flashcards

Structure And Function of Cellular Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined the term ‘cell’?

A

Robert Hooke, after observing a sliver of cork under a microscope

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2
Q

State the cell theory

A
  1. All living things are made of cells - Theodore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1839)
  2. The cell is the smallest living units with the structure and function of all organisms
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells (Rudolf Virgo’s 1889)
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a cell?

A
  1. Surrounding membrane
  2. Protoplasm
  3. Organelles
  4. Nucleus
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4
Q

What are the types of organelles?

A

Membrane bound

Bacteria-like

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5
Q

What is peculiar to prokaryotic cells?

A

No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles

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6
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

It explains the evolution of modern cells from cells and symbiotic bacteria.

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7
Q

Describe the plasma membrane briefly

A

It contains the cell contents. It is made up of a double layer of phospholipids, embedded with proteins which can also be found in the bilayer.

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8
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Defines boundary
  2. Regulates movement of molecules
  3. Shape and rigidity
  4. Separates cells
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9
Q

What are the types of membrane proteins?

A

Peripheral membrane proteins

Integral membrane proteins

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10
Q

Examples of peripheral membrane proteins

A

Phospholipase
Cholesterol
Oxidase

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11
Q

Examples of integral membrane proteins

A

Glycophorin, Gap junctions

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12
Q

What are the kinds of membrane proteins based on function?

A

Channels/Transporters
Receptors
Glycoproteins
Enzymes

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13
Q

Which membrane proteins identify cell types?

A

Glycoproteins

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14
Q

Which membrane proteins recognize certain chemicals?

A

Receptors

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15
Q

What is the cytoplasm and its components?

A

It is a viscous fluid in the cell in which organelles are suspended.

Components of cytoplasm:
–Interconnected filaments & fibers
–Fluid = cytosol
–Organelles (not nucleus)
–Storage substances like glycogen, oxalates and starch
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16
Q

What is the lysosome and its functions?

A

A membrane-bound vesicle at the site of hydrolysis that Contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes.

Functions
–AIDS in cell renewal
–Break down old cell parts
–Digests invaders

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17
Q

What are examples of hydrolytic digestive enzymes?

A

Lysozyme, Phosphodiesterase, Hyaluronidase, Acid Phosphatase, Estersse, Nuclease, Protease

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18
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

They are oxidative membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes

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19
Q

Where are glycoproteins found?

A

In the non-cytoplasmic part of the membrane.

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20
Q

What constitutes the cytoskeleton?

A

Filaments and fibers

21
Q

What are the types of fibres present in cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

22
Q

What are the functions of cytoskeleton?

A

Mechanical support
Anchorage of organelles
Movement of substances

23
Q

What are the membrane-bound organelles?

A 
Nucleus 
Endoplasmic recticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
24
Q

What is the function of the nucleoli?

A

Directs synthesis of RNA

Forms ribosomes

25
Q

What is the primary function of the ER?

A

Transport of substances within cells

26
Q

What is the function of Rough ER?

A

Manufacture proteins

May modify proteins from ribosomes

27
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

It has enzymes that help build molecules
–Carbohydrates
–Lipids

28
Q

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall

- Packaging & shipping station of cell

29
Q

Vacuoles are more common in plants than in animals.

True or False?

A

True

30
Q

What are the contents of vacuoles?

A

Water.
Food
Waste

31
Q

What are the bacteria-like organelles?

A

Mitochondrion

Chloroplasts

32
Q

State one peculiar property of bacteria-like organelles.

A

They store and release energy.

33
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

They break down fuel molecules via cellular respiration to release energy as ATP.

34
Q

Give examples of fuel molecules utilized by the mitochondrion

A

Glucose

Fatty acids

35
Q

Give an enzyme contained in the mitochondria

A

They contain TCA cycle enzymes like alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

36
Q

Mention two ways through which ATP is formed.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation

37
Q

What is the site for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

In the mitochondrion

38
Q

What is the site for substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The matrix of the mitochondrion

39
Q

What are plastids?

A

Found in plant cells, they are the site for the manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds.

40
Q

What are the types of plastids?

A 
Proplastids
Chloroplasts 
Chromoplasts
Leucoplasts
Proteinoplasts
Aminoplasts
41
Q

Where are proplastids found?

A

The meristematic cells of roots and shoots

42
Q

What are proplastids?

A

Small, colorless or pale green undifferentiated plastids that develop into other plastids

43
Q

Chloroplasts are derived from…

A

…photosynthetic bacteria

44
Q

Functions of chromoplasts

A

No chlorophyll

Synthesis and retaining of carotenoid pigments

45
Q

What are leucoplasts?

A

Unpigmented plastids that may synthesize starch

46
Q

What are the types of cells

A

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

47
Q

How does movement across the plasma membrane happen

A

Free movement

Use of carrier proteins

48
Q

Components of cytoplasm

A
  • Interconnected filaments and fibres
  • Fluid (cytosol)
  • Organelles
  • Storage substances
49
Q

Glycoproteins can be used to identify cell types

A

True

Intro BCH (4 decks)

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