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Hematology Lectures > Structure and Function of Blood cells > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 steps to looking at blood in the microscope?

A

(1) Get some blood
(2) Put blood in tube with EDTA to prevent clotting
(3) Put drop on slide
(4) Use another slide to spread the blood out
(5) let blood dry
(6) Stain blood with Wright-Giemsa stain

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2
Q

What is the Wright-Giemsa stain?

A

Contains Eosin-Y to stain hydrophobic basic macromolecules such as hemoglobin red (Cytoplasm).
Methylene blue stains hydrophobic acidic molecules blue such as neucleic acids. (nucleus)

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3
Q

What proportion of the blood are eosinophils?

A

less than 5% of blood cells are eosinophils

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4
Q

What proportion of the blood is composed of neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils make up 40-70% of all blood cells

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5
Q

What are the fundamental characteristics of Neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils have multilobed nuclei, granules that stain neutrally, short lifespan of 20-40h, and they function phagocytes that can trap and kill pathogens.

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6
Q

What proportion of leukocytes are monocytes?

A

Monocytes make up 3-8% of all blood leukocytes.

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7
Q

What are the essential functions of Monocytes?

A

Monocytes function in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine signaling.

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8
Q

What proportion of blood cells are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes make up 20-30% of all blood leukocytes

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9
Q

What are large granular lymphocytes?

A

NK cells and CTLs sometimes show small numbers of basophilis cytoplasmic granules giving them the name large granular lymphocytes.

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10
Q

What differentiates ‘reactive’ lymphocytes?

A

Reactive lymphocytes have more cytoplasm and more prominent nucleoli.

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11
Q

What is the concentration and lifespan of platelets?

A

Platelets have a concentration that is 100 times greater than leukocytes.
Platelets have a lifespan of 9-10 days.

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12
Q

What are the 4 essential functions of platelets?

A

(1) formation of a primary hemostatic plug
(2) stimulate coagulation
(3) Stimulate wound healing
(4) Immune function (including antigen presentation)

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13
Q

What are the neutrophil variants that may be seen in bacterial infections?

A 
Immature forms (left shift) including bands (horseshoe), metamyelocytes (bean shaped), myelocytes (round nuclei).
Increased cytoplasmic granules (toxic granules).
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14
Q

What are lymphocyte variants that may be seen in peripheral blood?

A

Reactive form lymphocyte with larger cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli may be seen often in conjunction with viral syndromes.

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15
Q

How do RBCs achieve a flexible shape?

A

The biconcave disk shape gives RBCs 360 degree flexibility

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16
Q

How do RBCs achieve a durable membrane?

A

RBCs achieve a durable membrane by reinforcing the inner side of the membrane with protein cables called spectrin linked to ankyrin.

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17
Q

How do RBCs maximize Hgb-O2 carrying capacity?

A

RBCs boost there Hgb carrying capacity by getting rid of dead weight organelles and using the highest feasible Hgb concentration that will not precipitate.

18
Q

How do RBCs offset the osmotic pressure?

A

RBCs offset osmotic pressure by constantly maintaining the sodium potassium gradient with ATP dependent Na/K pumps.

19
Q

Why do RBCs need an anti-oxidant system?

A

RBCs need an antioxidant system to protect them from the large amounts of oxygen that they carry. Oxygen will crosslink hemoglobin and oxidate Fe.

20
Q

How do RBCs counteract oxidation?

A

RBCs use glutathione and cytochrome b5 reductase to counteract the oxidative effects of oxygen. Both require NADPH

21
Q

How do RBCs generate energy?

A

RBCs generate energy by anaerobic metabolism. Glycolysis to make ATP, and the pentose phosphate shunt to make NADPH

22
Q

Where do RBCs get NADPH for anaerobic metabolism?

A

The pentose phosphate shunt provides NADPH for RBCs

23
Q

How do RBCs tune down complement?

A

RBCs express Decay accelerating factor (DAF) which causes the dissociation of complement complexes.

24
Q

What morphological characteristics are seen when RBCs do not have enough hemoglobin?

A

RBCs without enough hemoglobin are pale, hypochromic, and/or microcytic. They also may exhibit irregular shape.

25
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

Polychromasia occurs when RBCs are produced at an accelerated rate and RBCs that still have mRNA are released into the peripheral blood.

26
Q

What changes occur in RBCs with precipitated hemoglobin?

A

RBCs with precipitated hemoglobin will often assume a sickle shape.

27
Q

What are bite cells?

A

Bite cells are cells with oxidized hemoglobin that macrphages have conducted damage control on by taking a bite out of the cell. The cells maintain a shape with a ‘bite’ missing.

28
Q

What are schistocytes?

A

Schistocytes are RBCs that have been sliced in half. (possibly due to fibers stretched across the vessel lumen)

29
Q

What does the blood centrifuge tube look like?

A

A large plasma volume on the top (50-55%), A small leukocyte and platelet band in the middle, and a large erythrocyte band on the bottom (approx 45%)

30
Q

What is hemotocrit?

A

Hemotocrit is proportion of the total blood volume that is composed of RBCs. (normally 45%)

31
Q

How does the hematology analyzer work?

A

Hemotology analyzers use dyes (cyanide, methylene blue) and spectrophotometry to quantify various blood elements.
cyanide is used to quantify hemoglobin concentration.
Methylene blue is used to stain reticulocytes.

32
Q

How does a hematology analyzer count cells?

A

Hematology analyzers count cells by running them through an electrically charged coulter chamber that measures peak number (cell count) and peak height (cell volume) through direct current.

33
Q

What can an alternating current in the coulter chamber achieve?

A

Alternating current can be used to determine cell complexity (lobulated nuclei)

34
Q

What is the immature platelet fraction?

A

Immature platelet counts determine the proportion of platelets that still have RNA and are therefor immature.

35
Q

Why does the platelet age distribution differ between normal and thrombocytopenic patients?

A

Because a larger proportion of the mature platelets are being used up when platelet counts are low.

35
Q

What proportion of blood cells are basophils?

A

basophils make up less than 1% of all blood cells.

36
Q

What things can hematology analyzers not do?

A

Hematology analyzers cannot detect bands, blasts, Red cell fragments, and platelet clumps.

36
Q

Is Monocytosis specific for particular diseases?

A

No monocytosis is non-specific.

37
Q

What type of lymphocyte is the most common?

A

T cells are the most common followed by B and NK cells.

38
Q

What is the first enzyme is the pentose phosphate shunt?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)

Hematology Lectures (6 decks)

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