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General Biology | Part II > Structure and Function of ATP > Flashcards

Structure and Function of ATP Flashcards

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1
Q

ATP means what?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

The energy currency of a cell as it can pick up energy and transfer that energy to another chemical process.

A

ATP

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3
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Pick up energy and transfer it for another chemical process.

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4
Q

ATP contains ___, ___, ___.

A

Contains sugar ribose, N-base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate group.

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5
Q

Adenine and Ribose combined are called as ___.

A

Adenosine

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6
Q

What binds the adenosine and triphosphate group in ATP?

A

Phosphoester Bonds

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7
Q

Bonds within the phosphate group.

A

Phosphoanhydride Bonds

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8
Q

If ATP contains a sugar ribose, a N-base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate group, what can it be considered as?

A

A nucleic acid, since it contains a:

  • nitrogenous base
  • a sugar
  • a phosphate group
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9
Q

What is energy coupling even?

A

Energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system.

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10
Q

Responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells.

A

ATP

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11
Q

What comes to your mind when you first hear about ATP?

A

It is an immediate source of energy that powers cellular work.

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12
Q

An ATP can be classified as a?

A

Nucleoside Triphosphate

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13
Q

If ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, what can it also do?

A

It can be used to make an RNA since it has a similar structure make-up.

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14
Q

What are the three main kinds of work for a cell?

A

Chemical

Transport

Mechanical

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15
Q

How are the three main kinds of work possible?

A

Through energy coupling. In this scenario, an exergonic process is used to drive an endergonic reaction.

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16
Q

Wait, what is an exergonic process?

A

It is a process that releases energy. Since it’s spontaneous, it can occur without the addition of energy.

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17
Q

What type of work is this?

synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic reactions)

A

Chemical

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18
Q

What type of work is this?

pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction of spontaneous
movement)

A

Transport

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19
Q

What type of work is this?

beating of cilia, contraction of muscles

A

Mechanical

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20
Q

Is ATP unstable?

A

Yes

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21
Q

How would ATP become more stable?

A

Hydrolysis

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22
Q

How do you break the bond between phosphate groups in ATP?

A

Hydrolysis

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23
Q

Wait, what’s hydrolysis again?

A

+ H2O

24
Q

When the terminal phosphate is broken down by hydrolysis, what leaves the ATP?

A

An inorganic phosphate (Pi), specifically:

(HOPO3-2)

25
Q

What is a terminal phosphate?

A

Last Phosphate

26
Q

Since the hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic, it releases how many energy (Gibbs free energy) in kcal (standard conditions)?

A

-7.3 kcal/mol

27
Q

Since the hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic, it releases how many energy (Gibbs free energy) in kj (standard conditions)?

A

-30.5 kj/mol

28
Q

Specifically, during hydrolysis, what does H2O do?

A

A lone pair of electron of oxygen launches a nucleophilic attack.

29
Q

During the initial nucleophilic attack, does it succeed?

A

No, water is naturally repelled since oxygen is negative and the phosphate group is also surrounded by oxygen.

30
Q

After the initial nucleophilic attack, what does it do to overcome the negative charges?

A

ATPases surround the ATP molecule with positive ions (commonly magnesium) to keep the negative ions of the phosphate group occupied.

31
Q

After the ATPase has been added, what happens then?

A

It cleaves the bond and the electrons can finally bond with the terminal phosphate, creating ADP and (HOPO3-2).

32
Q

Is the process of ATP Hydrolysis reversible?

A

Yes.

If the initial is ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + energy

It can be energy + ADP + Pi -> ATP + H2O

33
Q

Why would we even want ATP hydrolysis to be reversible?

A

Cells tend to use up (hydrolyze) ATP molecules very quickly and rely on replacement ATP being constantly produced.

34
Q

Why is there so much energy released during ATP hydrolysis?

A

ATP is naturally unstable because all three
phosphate groups are negatively charged.

Their mutual repulsion (electrostatic repulsion) is like an equivalent of a compressed spring.

35
Q

The adjacent negative charges repel each other.

A

Electrostatic Repulsion

36
Q

How does electrostatic repulsion explain the need for hydrolysis to produce energy?

A

Since it is unstable, the molecule can achieve a lower energy state by hydrolysis, which allows the phosphate groups to separate from each
other and be stable.

37
Q

Does the energy come from the phosphate bonds?

A

No. It comes from the chemical change of the
system state of lower free energy.

38
Q

Amount of energy for typical cellular conditions?

A

-13 Kj/mol

39
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy in the form of what?

A

Heat

40
Q

How does cold environments prove that ATP do release heat?

A

Through shivering, muscle contraction uses ATP to warm the body.

41
Q

Since it will be a disadvantage for organisms to generate heat during ATP hydrolysis…

A

To maintain the living conditions inside the cell, the energy released during ATP hydrolysis is used by proteins to perform work either chemically, transport(ally), and mechanically.

42
Q

What can we make an analogy on regarding both ATP and ADP?

A

If ATP is a charged battery, then ADP is the uncharged batter before it can again be used.

43
Q

What reaction involves energy transfer?

A

Coupled Reactions

44
Q

What reaction involves no energy transfer?

A

Uncoupled Reactions

45
Q

Two reactions are linked together with one providing the energy needed for the other to occur.

A

Reaction Coupling

46
Q

With reaction coupling, how are the reactions linked up?

A

It is through a shared intermediate.

47
Q

How does a shared intermediate work?

A

A product of one reaction is “picked up” and used as a reactant in the second reaction.

48
Q

What specific process is involved in a shared intermediate?

A

Phosphorylation

49
Q

What is phosphorylation again?

A

+ P

50
Q

With the energy from ATP hydrolysis, where is it used?

A

For cellular work (endergonic-processes).

51
Q

With the energy needed for ATP synthesis, where does it come from?

A

From catabolism (exergonic processes).

52
Q

To synthesize sucrose from glucose and fructose, how many kj/mol is required?

A

+27 kJ/mol* is required.

53
Q

ATP hydrolysis releases how many energy again?

A

-30.5 kj/mol

54
Q

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, forming a ___.

A

A phosphorylated glucose intermediate (glucose-P).

55
Q

The glucose-P intermediate reacts with fructose to form ___.

A

Sucrose

56
Q

A sodium-potassium pump, a process where ATP phosphorylates transport proteins to allow a transport of solutes with a change in shape is an example of what work?

A

Transport Work

57
Q

An ATP binding to motor proteins, being hydrolyzed, and causing a shape change walking the motor protein forward is an example of what work?

A

Mechanical Work

General Biology | Part II (4 decks)

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