Structure and Function of ATP Flashcards

1
Q

ATP means what?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

The energy currency of a cell as it can pick up energy and transfer that energy to another chemical process.

A

ATP

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3
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Pick up energy and transfer it for another chemical process.

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4
Q

ATP contains ___, ___, ___.

A

Contains sugar ribose, N-base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate group.

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5
Q

Adenine and Ribose combined are called as ___.

A

Adenosine

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6
Q

What binds the adenosine and triphosphate group in ATP?

A

Phosphoester Bonds

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7
Q

Bonds within the phosphate group.

A

Phosphoanhydride Bonds

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8
Q

If ATP contains a sugar ribose, a N-base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate group, what can it be considered as?

A

A nucleic acid, since it contains a:

  • nitrogenous base
  • a sugar
  • a phosphate group
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9
Q

What is energy coupling even?

A

Energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system.

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10
Q

Responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells.

A

ATP

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11
Q

What comes to your mind when you first hear about ATP?

A

It is an immediate source of energy that powers cellular work.

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12
Q

An ATP can be classified as a?

A

Nucleoside Triphosphate

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13
Q

If ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, what can it also do?

A

It can be used to make an RNA since it has a similar structure make-up.

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14
Q

What are the three main kinds of work for a cell?

A

Chemical

Transport

Mechanical

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15
Q

How are the three main kinds of work possible?

A

Through energy coupling. In this scenario, an exergonic process is used to drive an endergonic reaction.

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16
Q

Wait, what is an exergonic process?

A

It is a process that releases energy. Since it’s spontaneous, it can occur without the addition of energy.

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17
Q

What type of work is this?

synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic reactions)

A

Chemical

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18
Q

What type of work is this?

pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction of spontaneous
movement)

A

Transport

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19
Q

What type of work is this?

beating of cilia, contraction of muscles

A

Mechanical

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20
Q

Is ATP unstable?

A

Yes

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21
Q

How would ATP become more stable?

A

Hydrolysis

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22
Q

How do you break the bond between phosphate groups in ATP?

A

Hydrolysis

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23
Q

Wait, what’s hydrolysis again?

24
Q

When the terminal phosphate is broken down by hydrolysis, what leaves the ATP?

A

An inorganic phosphate (Pi), specifically:

(HOPO3-2)

25
What is a terminal phosphate?
Last Phosphate
26
Since the hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic, it releases how many energy (Gibbs free energy) in kcal (standard conditions)?
-7.3 kcal/mol
27
Since the hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic, it releases how many energy (Gibbs free energy) in kj (standard conditions)?
-30.5 kj/mol
28
Specifically, during hydrolysis, what does H2O do?
A lone pair of electron of oxygen launches a nucleophilic attack.
29
During the initial nucleophilic attack, does it succeed?
No, water is naturally repelled since oxygen is negative and the phosphate group is also surrounded by oxygen.
30
After the initial nucleophilic attack, what does it do to overcome the negative charges?
ATPases surround the ATP molecule with positive ions (commonly magnesium) to keep the negative ions of the phosphate group occupied.
31
After the ATPase has been added, what happens then?
It cleaves the bond and the electrons can finally bond with the terminal phosphate, creating ADP and (HOPO3-2).
32
Is the process of ATP Hydrolysis reversible?
Yes. If the initial is ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + energy It can be energy + ADP + Pi -> ATP + H2O
33
Why would we even want ATP hydrolysis to be reversible?
Cells tend to use up (hydrolyze) ATP molecules very quickly and rely on replacement ATP being constantly produced.
34
Why is there so much energy released during ATP hydrolysis?
ATP is naturally unstable because all three phosphate groups are negatively charged. Their mutual repulsion (electrostatic repulsion) is like an equivalent of a compressed spring.
35
The adjacent negative charges repel each other.
Electrostatic Repulsion
36
How does electrostatic repulsion explain the need for hydrolysis to produce energy?
Since it is unstable, the molecule can achieve a lower energy state by hydrolysis, which allows the phosphate groups to separate from each other and be stable.
37
Does the energy come from the phosphate bonds?
No. It comes from the chemical change of the system state of lower free energy.
38
Amount of energy for typical cellular conditions?
-13 Kj/mol
39
The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy in the form of what?
Heat
40
How does cold environments prove that ATP do release heat?
Through shivering, muscle contraction uses ATP to warm the body.
41
Since it will be a disadvantage for organisms to generate heat during ATP hydrolysis...
To maintain the living conditions inside the cell, the energy released during ATP hydrolysis is used by proteins to perform work either chemically, transport(ally), and mechanically.
42
What can we make an analogy on regarding both ATP and ADP?
If ATP is a charged battery, then ADP is the uncharged batter before it can again be used.
43
What reaction involves energy transfer?
Coupled Reactions
44
What reaction involves no energy transfer?
Uncoupled Reactions
45
Two reactions are linked together with one providing the energy needed for the other to occur.
Reaction Coupling
46
With reaction coupling, how are the reactions linked up?
It is through a shared intermediate.
47
How does a shared intermediate work?
A product of one reaction is “picked up” and used as a reactant in the second reaction.
48
What specific process is involved in a shared intermediate?
Phosphorylation
49
What is phosphorylation again?
+ P
50
With the energy from ATP hydrolysis, where is it used?
For cellular work (endergonic-processes).
51
With the energy needed for ATP synthesis, where does it come from?
From catabolism (exergonic processes).
52
To synthesize sucrose from glucose and fructose, how many kj/mol is required?
+27 kJ/mol* is required.
53
ATP hydrolysis releases how many energy again?
-30.5 kj/mol
54
A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, forming a ___.
A phosphorylated glucose intermediate (glucose-P).
55
The glucose-P intermediate reacts with fructose to form ___.
Sucrose
56
A sodium-potassium pump, a process where ATP phosphorylates transport proteins to allow a transport of solutes with a change in shape is an example of what work?
Transport Work
57
An ATP binding to motor proteins, being hydrolyzed, and causing a shape change walking the motor protein forward is an example of what work?
Mechanical Work