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General Biology | Part II > Chloroplast and Pigments > Flashcards

Chloroplast and Pigments Flashcards

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1
Q

The chloroplast is composed of these parts:

A

Outer Membrane

Inner Membrane

Intermembrane Space

Thylakoid

Thylakoid Membrane

Lumen

Stroma

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2
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

It is freely permeable to small molecules.

A

Outer Membrane

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3
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

It is highly selective and contains integral membrane proteins.

A

Inner Membrane

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4
Q

Does the inner membrane of the chloroplast function for photosynthesis?

A

No.

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5
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

Gap between inner and outer membrane.

A

Intermembrane Space

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6
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

It is where nucleotide phosphorylation happens.

A

Intermembrane Space

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7
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

It is described as membrane-bound flattened disks.

A

Thylakoid

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8
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

When arranged, the thylakoid in stacks are called as ___.

A

Granum

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9
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

The thylakoid is connected through __.

A

Intergranal Lamellae/Stromal Lamellae

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10
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

It is the hollow space inside a thylakoid.

A

Lumen

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11
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

It houses chlorophylls.

A

Thylakoid Membrane

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12
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

The thylakoid membrane contains both ___ and ___.

A

Photosystems 1 and 2.

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13
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

It is where ATP synthase is present.

A

Thylakoid Membrane

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14
Q

In this part of the chloroplast,

It contains the different suspended proteins like the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes.

A

Stroma

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15
Q

What causes plants to have different colors?

A

From the way that pigments within their cells interact with sunlight.

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16
Q

When light encounters an object it can be?

A

Reflected

Transmitted

Absorbed

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17
Q

What wavelength is most useful for life on Earth?

A

Visible Light (380–740nm)

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18
Q

Our retina is sensitive to visible light. It has ___ that convert light to electrical signals and sent through the optic nerve to form colors and images.

A

Photoreceptors

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19
Q

When we see “color,” it’s not really the inherent color of the object, rather ___.

A

The color is not absorbed, rather the color that we see is the wavelength of light being reflected.

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20
Q

It is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy.

A

Photosynthesis

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21
Q

Producers of the Biosphere

A

Autotrophs

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22
Q

Consumers of the Biosphere

A

Heterotrophs

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23
Q

If autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, then plants could be called as ___.

A

Photoautotrophs since it’s using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from H2O and CO2.

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24
Q

Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from ___.

A

Photosynthetic Bacteria

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25
Q

A form of electromagnetic energy, also called electromagnetic radiation.

A

Light

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26
Q

Like other electromagnetic energy, light travels in ___.

A

Rhythmic Waves

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27
Q

EM waves can be broken down into:

A

Magnetic (X and Y)

Electric Waves (X and Z)

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28
Q

The distance between crests of waves.

A

Wavelength

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29
Q

The height of waves.

A

Amplitude

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30
Q

The highest top of a wave.

A

Crest

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31
Q

What determines the type of electromagnetic energy?

A

Wavelength

Frequency

Amplitude

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32
Q

Light also behaves as though it consists of discrete particles called ___.

A

Photons

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33
Q

“Biochromes”

A

Pigment

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34
Q

Substances that Absorb Visible Light

A

Pigment

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35
Q

Different pigments absorb light of ___.

A

Different Wavelengths

36
Q

What is key to the growth and development of plants?

A

Pigments

37
Q

How do pigments help plants?

A

It’s colors attract pollinators and it is how the plants capture the sun’s energy to be used in photosynthesis.

38
Q

Why is there a need for a lot of pigments?

A

Since each pigment is only used to absorb a narrow specific type of wavelength, there is a need to have a variety to utilize the sun’s energy completely.

39
Q

Why are leaves green?

A

It is from the chlorophyll present.

40
Q

CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores called ___.

A

Stomata

41
Q

Measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths.

A

Spectrophotometer

42
Q

How does a spectrophotometer work?

A

It analyzes both its absorption and action spectrum. It directs beams of light of different wavelengths through a solution of the pigment
and measures the fraction of the light transmitted at each wavelength.

43
Q

It describes how different wavelengths of light is absorbed by the different chloroplast pigments.

A

Absorption Spectrum

44
Q

It describes how the rate of photosynthesis changes (effectiveness) with how much light is absorbed.

A

Action Spectrum

45
Q

The data from a spectrometer is used to plot a graph called what?

A

Absorption Spectrum

46
Q

What is the relationship between the absorption spectrum and the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As more light is absorbed, the greater the rate of photosynthesis.

47
Q

What does it mean for a pigment to absorb light?

A

Only a photon with just the right amount of energy to bump an electron between orbitals can excite a pigment.

48
Q

At a subatomic level, why do pigments absorb different wavelengths of light?

A

The “energy gaps” between the orbitals are different in each pigment, meaning that photons of different wavelengths are
needed in each case to provide an energy boost that matches the gap.

49
Q

Pigments that can absorb energy from the sunlight that in turn would be utilized during
photosynthesis.

A

Photosynthetic Pigments

50
Q

Chlorophyll looks like a?

A

Worm with a head.

51
Q

Carotenoids looks like a?

A

Long worm without a two heads front and back.

52
Q

Why do both chlorophyll and carotenoids, photosynthetic pigments, have conjugated double bonds?

A

This is significant because electrons are more
exposed since the single and double bonds alternate.

53
Q

Why have accessory pigments?

A

It broadens the absorption spectrum and pass energy onto chlorophyll.

54
Q

What is the most efffective wavelength for photosynthesis?

A

400 to 500, and 600 to 700

(Violet-Blue and Red Light)

55
Q

Complex molecules that absorb light energy in red/blue regions for photosynthesis.

A

Chlorophyll a and b

56
Q

Used for photosynthesis, chlorophyll a and b both contain?

A

Magnesium

57
Q

Absorb light mainly in green part of the spectrum and pass on the energy to chlorophyll.

A

Carotene & Xanthophyll

58
Q

What evidence can be concluded to know that other pigments are involved in photosynthesis?

A

A high rate of photosynthesis due to accessory pigments broadening the absorption spectrum.

59
Q

When a galvanometer measures a high transmittance, what does indicate?

A

It has low absorption, meaning that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light.

60
Q

When a galvanometer measures a low transmittance, what does indicate?

A

It has a high absorption, meaning that chlorophyll absorbs most blue light.

61
Q

The action spectrum of photosynthesis was first demonstrated in 1883 by ___.

A

Theodor W. Engelmann

62
Q

Theodor W. Engelmann exposed different segments of a filamentous alga, then what?

A

Areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produced excess O2 through measuring aerobic bacteria growth.

63
Q

Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment.

While chlorophyll b is considered as a?

A

Accessory Pigments

64
Q

This pigment absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll.

A

Carotenoids

65
Q

What wavelengths of light is involved with Chlorophyll?

A

It absorbs red and blue, and reflects green.

66
Q

What wavelengths of light is involved with Carotenoids?

A

It absorbs blue and green, and reflects yellow, orange, and red.

67
Q

What wavelengths of light is involved with Anthocyanin?

A

It reflects blue, purple, or red.

68
Q

What wavelengths of light is involved with Betalains?

A

It reflects red or yellow color.

69
Q

In the head of a chlorophyll (the worm with a head), a flat hydrophilic is present called?

A

Porphyrin essential for converting light to electricity.

70
Q

In the tail of a chlorophyll (the worm with a head), a lipid soluble hydrocarbon tail called what is present?

A

Phytol

71
Q

What type of chlorophyll is this?

Cyanobacteria, Photosynthetic Plants

A

Chlorophyll a

72
Q

What type of chlorophyll is this?

Higher Plants and Green Algae

A

Chlorophyll b

73
Q

What type of chlorophyll is this?

Brown Algae and Diatoms

A

Chlorophyll c

74
Q

What type of chlorophyll is this?

Red Algae

A

Chlorophyll d

75
Q

What type of chlorophyll is this?

Xathophycean Algae

A

Chlorophyll e

76
Q

Ripening of fruits, floral colors and leaf color change during autumn is due to what pigment?

A

Carotenoids

77
Q

It is the red pigment found in the fruits of tomato, red peppers and roses.

A

Lycopene

78
Q

Characterized by its Yellow Color - Violaxanthin, Fucoxanthin, and Lutein

A

Xanthophyll

79
Q

Proteinaceous pigments, soluble in water, and do not contain Mg and Phytol tail - either Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin.

A

Phycobilins

80
Q

What phycobilin is this?

Cyanobacteria

A

Phycocyanin

81
Q

What phycobilin is this?

Red Algae

A

Phycoerythrin

82
Q

What are the principal pigments?

A

Chlorophyll a and Bacteriochlorophyll.

83
Q

Layers where the most active chloroplasts are found?

A

Palisade and Spongy Mesophyll

84
Q

Chloroplasts are considered as a ___ because of its round, oval, or disk-shaped body that is involved in the synthesis and storage of food.

A

Plastid

85
Q
A

General Biology | Part II (4 decks)

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