Structure and Function (multiple choice) Flashcards
Histology is the macro and microscopic study of
Cells
Organ Systems
Tissues
Medical terminology
Tissues
Which of the following is the correct order to describe the levels of organisation in Anatomy and Physiology (starting from the smallest)
Chemical, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
Cellular, organ, organismal, tissue, organ system
Cellular, tissue, organismal, organ system
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
There are four basic types of tissue in all mammals including humans, they are:
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue
Endothelial tissue, bone tissue, fluid tissue (blood) and nervous tissue
Cardiac tissue, Skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue and organ tissue
Parenchyma, bone tissue, blood tissue, cardiac tissue and brain tissue
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue
Which best describes epithelial tissues? – Read carefully.
A mixture of cells that are held together in an extensive matrix with many fibres, their role is to support other tissues
Composed of rows and or stacks of neatly arranged cells of similar type. They have very little extra cellular matrix, they form glands and cover and line other tissues
Elastic tissues that help a structure to stretch they are composed of multiple elastic fibres
A dense solid tissue with proteoglycan and mineral, like cartilage or bone
Composed of rows and or stacks of neatly arranged cells of similar type. They have very little extra cellular matrix, they form glands and cover and line other tissues
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
Dense tissues with mineral incorporated into the matrix
Liquid tissues like blood
A mixture of cell types surrounded by large quantities of extra-cellular matrix. The matrix can be solid, or liquid and often contains fibres.
Rows and or stacks of neatly arranged cells of similar type, with very little extra cellular matrix between them.
A mixture of cell types surrounded by large quantities of extra-cellular matrix. The matrix can be solid, or liquid and often contains fibres.
Cell respiration is:
The action of the lungs at alveolar level
The exchange of gases at the lung surface
The use of carbon dioxide to trigger ventilation
The use of oxygen to help breakdown glucose molecules in the powerhouse of the cell (mitochondria) in order to release energy
The use of oxygen to help breakdown glucose molecules in the powerhouse of the cell (mitochondria) in order to release energy
Which one of the following is a molecule:
Sodium
Potassium
Water
Chloride
Water
Metabolism is:
The building up and breaking down chemical processes in a cell
The physical cardiovascular fitness of an individual
The speedy athletic in action
The number of calories in a certain food type
The building up and breaking down chemical processes in a cell
Homeostasis is
Chemical activity in the ribosome of the cell
The finely tuned balance of various physiological processes to keep physiological variables within an optimal healthy range
To keep blood values at the same quantitative level
Keeping certain muscles still despite contraction activity at a microscopic level
The finely tuned balance of various physiological processes to keep physiological variables within an optimal healthy range
One of these is not a component of a homeostatic control mechanism
Receptor
Integration centre
Effector
Competitive inhibitor
Competitive inhibitor
One of these mechanisms represents a positive feedback mechanism.
Regulation of thyroid hormone
Regulation of temperature
Regulation of contraction of the uterine muscles during childbirth
Regulation of the amount of glucose in the blood
Regulation of contraction of the uterine muscles during childbirth
Which best describes a negative feedback loop
Used to control infrequent events that do not require constant adjustment
Causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to the initial change to return to the “ideal” value.
Cells working against one another to bring balance
Cells working together to enhance a process
Causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to the initial change to return to the “ideal” value.
When we are using a reference model for anatomy of the human to help us describe direction or structures in relation to others we see
The model stands with his/her palms facing away from the viewer
The model stands with his/her palms turned towards the viewer
The model stands with his arms tucked away as the upper limbs are not relevant
The model can stand in any position as long as the viewer can see the individuals face
The model stands with his/her palms turned towards the viewer
A term that means “away from the midline” see below, is called:
Distal
Lateral
Medial
Proximal
Lateral
The anatomical term often associated with limbs to describe closer to the insertion point (thus nearer to the main body) is called
Distal
Lateral
Medial
Proximal
Proximal
The thoracic cavity contains:
The lungs, the diaphragm and the stomach
The lungs, the pleural membranes, the heart and the thymus
The lungs, the heart and the liver
The lungs, the heart, the stomach and the pancreas
The lungs, the pleural membranes, the heart and the thymus
The membrane sac that covers and anchors the abdominal organs and vessels, is called the:
Periosteum
Perineum
Peritoneum
Pericardium
Peritoneum
Adduction means
To move a limb away from the body midline
To move a limb in towards the body midline
To bend a limb toward the body
To move the limb 360 degrees to form a circular movement
To move a limb in towards the body midline
Ventral means
The front view of an individual
The surface of the individual that covers the underside of a four legged animal, or the abdomen and soft vulnerable tissues of the limbs of a human
The rear view of an individual
The name for the entire surface of the brain
The surface of the individual that covers the underside of a four legged animal, or the abdomen and soft vulnerable tissues of the limbs of a human
The protective membrane coats of the lungs are called the
Pleural membranes
Plural membranes
Meninges
Peritoneum
Pleural membranes
Which part of the skeleton consists of the upper and lower limb bones, the bones of the hands and feet, and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton
Axial skeleton
The articular skeleton
The peripheral skeleton
The appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton
The surface of the foot facing upwards is
The ventral surface
The dorsal surface
The superior surface
The sagittal surface
The dorsal surface
The end products of aerobic cell respiration/metabolism
Glucose and carbon dioxide plus energy
Oxygen and water and lactic acid
Carbon dioxide, water and energy
Carbon dioxide, ethanol and energy
Carbon dioxide, water and energy
The sagittal plane
Cuts the body into 4 separate sections.
Divides the body into an upper and lower portion in the horizontal plane.
Divides the body in two equal but non-identical left and right parts along the midline.
Divides the body into head neck , thorax and abdomen and limbs
Divides the body in two equal but non-identical left and right parts along the midline.
Dorsiflexion refers to the ……..
Movement of the head down
The movement of the toes downwards
The movement of the back so the individual is curled forward with knees raised to the chest
The ankle moves so the heel is positioned downwards and the toes are lifted upwards
The ankle moves so the heel is positioned downwards and the toes are lifted upwards
Cytology is the study of …..
Tissues
Cytosol
Cells
Vision
Cells
Which statement is INCORRECT
The heart is superior to the diaphragm
The sternum is superficial to the lungs
The small intestine is inferior to the stomach
The kidneys are inferior to the bladder
The kidneys are inferior to the bladder
If this kind of section was made through the centre of the head the two eyes would be in different sections.
Midsagittal plane
Frontal plane
Traverse plane
Midsagittal plane
The ventral cavity contains
Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity, spinal cavity and pelvic cavity.
Cranial cavity and spinal cavity.
Thoracic cavity and cranial cavity.
Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
The elbow is ———— to the fingers?
Lateral
Superior
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
The liver is found mainly in which quadrant?
Epigastric
Left Hypochondriac
Right Hypochondriac
Umbilical
Epigastric
Abdominal organs are partially covered by?
Peritoneum
Periostium
Pericardium
Pleura
Peritoneum
Pulling the toes up towards the ankle is?
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Adduction
Abduction
Dorsiflexion
Negative feedback…
Acts opposite to the initial change.
Speeds up the initial change
Cancels the initial change
Enhances the initial change
Acts opposite to the initial change.
The order of the levels of structural organisation is?
Organisational, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical
Organisational, organ system, tissue, cellular , chemical
Organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organisational
Atomic, molecular, compound, cellular, tissue, organ system, organisational
Organisational, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical
Physiology is the study of?
How cells and organs function
Structures of the body
Changes in the body in response to illness
How cells respond to medication
How cells and organs function
The 4 basic tissue types are?
Epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle
Endothelium, muscle, connective tissue, nervous tissue
Mesothelium, muscle, epithelium, connective tissue
Endothelium, epithelium, mesothelium, muscle.
Epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle
What does the term anuria mean?
Failure of the kidneys to produce urine
Production of abnormally small amounts of urine
Production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine
Painful when urinating
Failure of the kidneys to produce urine
What is the term for pain on passing urine (micturition)?
Dysuria
Anuria
Oliguria
Polyuria
Dysuria
What does the term hypodermic refer to?
Relates to just under skin
Refers to skin folds
Refers to fluid collection
Refers to rash on skin
Relates to just under skin
What does the term hyperemesis mean?
Refers to severe or prolonged vomiting
Refers to swelling
Refers to change in mood
Refers to extreme thirst
Refers to severe or prolonged vomiting
What does the term gastritis refer to?
Refers to inflammation of the lining of the stomach
Refers to the ulcers in large intestine
Refers to ulcers in small intestine
Refers to inflammation of oral mucosa
Refers to inflammation of the lining of the stomach
Difficulty in breathing is referred as
Dyspnea
Dysphoria
Dyspepsia
Dysuria
Dyspnea
What does bradycardia mean?
Slow or irregular heart rhythm (less than 60beats/min)
Slowness of movement
Slow breathing rate
Sudden noticeable pounding heart beat
Slow or irregular heart rhythm (less than 60beats/min)
What does the term hysterectomy refer to?
Surgical procedure to remove the womb (uterus).
Surgical procedure to remove lungs
Surgical procedure to remove Kidneys
Surgical procedure to remove stomach
Surgical procedure to remove the womb (uterus).
What does the term cystitis mean?
Inflammation of the bladder
Inflammation of the liver
Inflammation of the intestines
Inflammation of the stomach
Inflammation of the bladder
Epithelial cells can be composed of which cell shapes?
Squamous - thin, allows passage of fluid or gas through cytoplasm
Cuboid - robust cube, strengthens can act as storage
Columnar - tall column shape, specialises in absorption or secretion
Transitional - has the capacity to stretch
Simple - single row
Stratified - stacked on top of each other
