Structure and Function Flashcards
Levels of chemical organisation are ?
6 Types
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level (4 types), organ level, organ system, organisational level.
What are the four types of tissue?
Connective tissue - supports and protects body organs.
Epithelial tissue - coverings and linings (skin).
Muscle tissue - cardiac, skeletal and smooth. Provides movement and protects organs.
Nervous tissue - nervous system, rapid internal communication. Not just neurons.
What are Functions of life?
To determine if alive or not
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness or excitability
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism is?
Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions in the body.
There are two types
Catabolic (break down complex molecules to simple ones)
Anabolic (combine molecules to form complex molecules) reactions.
Anabolism is?
Building more complex substances
Cellular respiration is?
The production of ATP
Excretion is?
The process of removing wastes from the body.
Organs of excretion are;
Organs of excretion are?
4 organs
digestive system (faeces)
skin (sweat)
lungs (exhaled air)
kidneys (urine)
Survival needs of the body is to maintain life are?
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
Homeostasis is?
Homeostasis represents the processes necessary for the maintenance of conditions under which cells, and hence the body, can function optimally.
What are the three interdependent components for homeostatic control mechanisms?
Receptor - sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. When it senses a stimulus, it sends information to a control centre.
Control system - Control centre is the component that sets the range at which a variable is maintained and determines an appropriate response. e.g.
Effector - the receptor stimulated then responds by either enhancing the stimulus with positive feedback or depressing it with negative feedback.
Name two types of receptors?
Chemoreceptors - a sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli
Baroreceptors - a receptor sensitive to changes in pressure
Anatomical position is?
The body is erect with the feet slightly apart, the palms of the hands facing forward and the thumbs facing outwards.
Remember that right and left relates to the person being viewed NOT to you.
Ventral is?
Toward the front or belly.
The aorta is ventral to the spinal column.
Dorsal is?
Toward the back or spine.
The spinal column is dorsal to the aorta.
Anterior is?
Toward the ventral (front) side.
The sternum is anterior to the heart.
Posterior is?
Toward the dorsal (back) side.
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
Superior is?
Above.
The heart is superior to the diaphragm.
Inferior is?
Below.
The liver is inferior to the diaphragm.
Medial is?
Toward the mid sagittal plane.
The heart is medial to the lungs.
Lateral is?
Away from the mid sagittal plane.
The clavicles are lateral to the sternum.
Proximal is?
Closer to the point of attachment origin.
The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Distal is?
Farther from the point of attachment origin.
The fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers.
Central is?
Near or toward the midline of the body.
The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
Peripheral is?
Away from the midline or centre of the body.
Peripheral nerves lead from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles. Blood drawn from a fingerstick is peripheral blood.
Superficial is?
Closer to the body surface?
The skin is superficial to the muscles.
Deep is?
Farther from the body surface.
The bones are deep to the muscles.
What are the two main divisions of our body?
Axial - head, neck and trunk.
Appendicular - limbs attached to the axis.
Head is?
Cephalic
Neck is?
Cervical
Armpit is?
Axillary
Arm is?
Brachial
Front of elbow is?
Antecubital
Forearm is?
Antebrachial
Wrist is?
Carpal
Palm is?
Palmar
Fingers are?
Digital
Thigh is?
Femoral
Anterior surface of knee is?
Patellar
Leg is?
Crural
Foot is?
Pedal
Ankle is?
Tarsal
Toes are?
Digital
Forehead is?
Frontal
Eye is?
Orbital
Ear is?
Otic
Cheek is?
Buccal
Nose is?
Nasal
Mouth is?
Oral
Chin is?
Mental
Chest is?
Thoracic
Breast is?
Mammary
Abdomen is?
Abdominal
Navel is?
Umbilical
Hip is?
Coxal
Groin is?
Inguinal
Pelvis is?
Pelvic
Hand is?
Manual
Pubis is?
Pubic
Shoulder is?
Acromial (posterior)
Shoulder blade is?
Scapular
Spinal column is?
Vertebral
Back is?
Dorsal
Loin is?
Lumbar
Between hips is?
Sacral (posterior)
Buttock is?
Gluteal
Hollow behind knee is?
Popliteal
Calf is?
Sural
Sole is?
Plantar
Heel is?
Calcaneal
What are the three body planes?
(mid) Sagittal plane
Frontal or coronal plane
Transverse plane
What are the nine abdominal regions?
Top
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Middle
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Bottom
Right Iliac (Inguinal) region
Hypogastric (Pubic) region
Left Iliac (Inguinal) region
What are the main body cavities?
Dorsal (back) and Ventral (front) cavity
Cranial cavity (head) Spinal cavity (spine) Pelvic cavity (pelvis) Thoracic cavity (chest) Abdominal cavity (abdominal) Abdominopelvic cavity
What type of membrane is in the ventral cavity?
Serous membrane which has two layers.
The membrane covering the organ is the visceral membrane.
The membrane lining the cavity wall is the parietal membrane.
What are the three membranes coving the organs?
The all begin with the letter P.
The heart is covered by the Pericardium
The lungs are covered by the Pleura
The abdominal organs are covered by the Peritoneum
Flexion is?
The action of bending or the condition of being bent, especially the bending of a limb or joint
Extension is?
The action of moving a limb from a bent to a straight position
Dorsiflexion is?
The backward flexion or bending, as of the hand or foot.
Plantar flexion is?
Plantar flexion describes the extension of the ankle so that the foot points down and away from the leg.
Abduction is?
The movement of a limb or other part away from the midline of the body, or from another part
Adduction is?
The movement of a limb or other part towards the midline of the body or towards another part.
Internal (medial) rotation is?
Internal rotation (also known as medial rotation) is rotation towards the centre of the body
External (lateral) rotation is?
External rotation (or lateral rotation) is rotation away from the centre of the body.
Circumduction is?
Movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed
(Circle)
Supination is?
Turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing upwards or outwards
Pronation is?
Turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing downwards or inwards
