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Medical Biochemistry > Structure And Function: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Structure And Function: Carbohydrates Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aldose

A

Aldehyde group on carbon 1

Fast reducing sugar

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2
Q

Ketose

A

Keto group on carbon 2

Slow reducing sugar

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3
Q

Glucose in urine

A

Diabetes mellitus

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4
Q

Fructose in urine

A

Fructosuria & hereditary fructose intolerance (uncommon)

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5
Q

Galactose in urine

A

Galactosemia

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6
Q

Glyceraldehyde

A

3C aldose

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7
Q

Dihydroxyacetone

A

3C ketose

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8
Q

Ribose & Xylose

A

5C Aldose

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9
Q

Ribulose & Xylulose

A

5C Ketose

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10
Q

Glucose, Galactose, Manose

A

6C Aldose

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11
Q

Fructose

A

6C Ketose

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12
Q

Sedoheptulose

A

7C Ketose

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13
Q

Neuraminic acid (NANA)

A

9C Aldose & Ketose

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14
Q

Monosaccharide cyclization

A

Present in cyclic form in solution

Beta glucose predominant

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15
Q

Epimers

A

Glucose - galactose (C-4)

Glucose - manose (C-2)

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16
Q

Epimerase

A

interconvert epimers (galactose metabolism)

17
Q

Nuceloside linkate

A

Beta-N-glycosidic linkage

18
Q

Polyols (sugar alcohols)

A

Sorbitol - formed from glucose; responsible for chronic complications in diabetes mellitus; formed via aldose reductase
Galactitol formed from galactos in children with galatosemia

Polyols are dead end products of metabolism & draw water into cells

19
Q

Lactose

A

Disaccharide
Beta1-4 glycosidic linkage
Glucose and galactose
Cleaved by lactase in small intestinal mucosal cells

20
Q

Sucrose

A 
Glucose + Fructose
Nonreducing sugar (aldehyde and keto groups not free)
Cleaved by intestinal sucrase
21
Q

Fructose

A

Monosaccharide
HFCS 55
Ketohexose

22
Q

Maltose

A 
Disaccharide
2 glucose units
alpha1-4 glycosidic linkage
reducing sugar
formed as product of starch by amylase
cleaved to glucose by maltase
23
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage polysaccharide
In liver and muscle cells
Linear chain = alpha1-4 linkage
Branched chain = alpha1-6 linkage

24
Q

Starch

A

Dietary polysaccharide
Amylose - linear unbranched chain of glucose
Amylopectin - branched polymer of glucose
Digested by salivary and pancreatic amylase

25
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Repeating disaccharides
Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
Heteropolysaccharide

26
Q

Cellulose

A

Dietary fiber
Beta1-4 linkage
Can’t be cleaved in humans

27
Q

Glycoproteins

A

O-linked: glycosylation of OH group on Ser/Thr, extracellular proteins or membrane bound, glycan groups face extracellular side
N-linked: glycosylation on Asn residue, high mannose or complex

Medical Biochemistry (4 decks)

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