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Dermatology > Structure and Function > Flashcards

Structure and Function Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Name the three layers in skin.

A

Epidermis (100-150microm), dermis and sub-cutis.

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2
Q

From what does the epidermis develop?

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

From what does the dermis develop?

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

What cells are found in the epidermis?

A 
Stratified squamous epithelium:
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Nerves
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5
Q

What are the four layers in the epidermis.

A

Basal layer
Prickle cell layer
Granular layer
Keratin layer

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6
Q

How long does it take a cell to migrate from top to bottom?

A

~28 days

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7
Q

Describe the basal layer

A

Once cell thick, skin stem cells, small and cuboidal, lots of intermediate filaments and highly metabolically active.

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8
Q

Describe the prickle cell layer

A

Large polyhedral cells that don’t touch each other but with lots of desmosomes to move them. Differing thickness throughout layer.

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9
Q

Describe the granular layer

A

2-3 layers of flattened cells that produce proteins such as filaggrin and involucrin. They shrink in size and lose their nucli. Have a high lipid content.

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10
Q

Describe the keratin layer

A

Consists of corneocytes (overlapping cell remnants full of keratin and filaggrin) to form an insoluble cornified envelope. Intracellular space filled with lipids for waterproofing.

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11
Q

What role does the filaggrin protein play?

A

Chopped up to AA which bind H2O to hydrate skin.

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12
Q

Where does skin end?

A

Where mucosal membranes begin.

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13
Q

What are skin appendages?

A

Additional non-keratinocyte things that are added into skin.

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14
Q

Give examples of skin appendages.

A

Hair, nails, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, neuronal cells.

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15
Q

Where do melanocytes originate from and where are they found?

A

Neural crest and found in basal and prickle cell layers.

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16
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment to protect from UV radiation.

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17
Q

What are the two kinds of melanin produced?

A

Eumelanin- Brown or black

Phaeomelanin- Red or yellow

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18
Q

Once produced what happens to melanin?

A

Transferred to keratinocytes in melanosomes to form a protective cap over nucli.

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19
Q

Where do Langerhans cells originate from and where are they found?

A

Mesenchymal cells (bone) and found in prickle cell layer, dermis and lymph nodes.

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20
Q

What do Langerhans cells do?

A

Detect infection upon which they migrate to the lymph system and present the antigens to immune system. Antigen Presenting Cells.

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21
Q

What is found in Langerhans cells?

A

Birbeck granules (look like tennis rackets).

22
Q

What is a pilosebaceous unit?

A

Hair and sebaceous gland.

23
Q

What are the three phases of hair growth and how long do they last for?

A

Anagen- growth. 3-7 years
Catagen- involuting. 3-4 weeks
Telogen- resting/falling out. 50-100 fall out a day.

24
Q

What can affect hair growth rates?

A

Hormones such as androgen increase it.

Autoimmune attack can cause alopecia.

25
Q

How do nails differ from normal skin?

A

Instead of forming a prickle cell layer cells form a huge layer of keratin.

26
Q

Where does nail grow from?

A

Nail matrix and bed.

27
Q

What is the role of the cuticle?

A

To prevent infection.

28
Q

What is the lunula?

A

The part of the nail matrix visible under the nail.

29
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

The interface between dermis and epidermis.

30
Q

What are the three layers of the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

Lamina lucida
Lamina densa
Sub-lamina densa zone

31
Q

What is the dermis made up of?

A

Ground substance
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, Langerhans cells.
Collagen and elastin
Muscles, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.

32
Q

List three factors that can decrease elastic fibres?

A

Age, smoking and UV light.

33
Q

Why is the blood supply far greater than its metabolic needs?

A

For thermal regulation.

34
Q

List three ways in which the skin can regulate heat.

A

Radiation
Evaporation
Behavioural changes

35
Q

What kind of structures do small lymphatic vessels form?

A

Mesh

36
Q

Describe the flow of lymphatic vessels.

A

Along the same route as blood vessels.

37
Q

What are the two nerve types found in the skin?

A 
Somatic sensory (give rise to dermatomes)
Autonomic (supply blood vessels etc)
38
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?

A

Pressure

39
Q

What do Meissners corpuscles sense?

A

Vibration

40
Q

What are the three kinds of gland found in the skin?

A

Apocrine
Eccrine
Sebaceous

41
Q

Describe sebaceous glands

A

Found in face and chest.
Very hormone sensitive therefore active in puberty.
Produce sebum to protect from fungal infection and control water loss.
Acne occurs here.

42
Q

Describe apocrine glands

A

Part of the pilosebaceous unit and produce an oily fluid. Function unclear.
Found in axillae and perineum.
Regulated by androgen.

43
Q

Describe eccrine sweat glands

A

Found all over skin.
Supplied by sympathetic nerves.
Cool down the body by evaporation.

44
Q

List the functions of the skin (6 points)

A 
Barrier
Met and detox
Thermoreg
Immune defence
Comms
Sensory
45
Q

What happens if the physical barrier is breached?

A

Infection
Water loss
Protein loss

46
Q

List two things the skin is involved in metabolising.

A

VD and thyroid hormone

47
Q

What can the skin detoxify?

A

Chemicals, drugs and pollutants.

48
Q

What are the major cells involved in the skins immune response?

A

Langerhans, T cells, mast cells and macrophages.

49
Q

Is the skin an innate or adaptive immune response?

A

Innate

50
Q

List a number of ways that the skin can be used in communication.

A

Visual such as flushing, pigmentation etc
Odour
Pheromones.

51
Q

What can the skin sense?

A

Touch, vibration and pressure.
Pain and itch
Temperature

Dermatology (10 decks)

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