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Microbiology > Structure And Function > Flashcards

Structure And Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the general cell shapes

A 
Coccus- spheres in bunches, chains, quartets
Rod - bacilli, alone, chain
Vibrios- bent rods
Spirillum
Spirochete 
Budding and 
Filamentous
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2
Q

What domains have histones?

A

Archea and Eucarya

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3
Q

What is an Ori C and who has one?

A

It is the origin of replication on a circular chromosome. Bacteria and archeae both have circular genomes.

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4
Q

Name an actin homolog

A

Mre B

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5
Q

Name a tubulin homolog and its function

A

Fts Z. Causes septum in binary fission, contraction in cell replication

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6
Q

What are trichome s?

A

Long fillament cells that are connected intracellulaurly. Found in Cyanobacteria. Can differentiate into heterocysts.

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7
Q

What are heterocysts?

A

A specialized trichome of Cyanobacteria that a cell will differentiate into when N is needed. It produces the enzyme nitrogenase that can fix N. can not form in the presence of Oxygen

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8
Q

Name the major of features of Archaea lipid membranes

A 
Ether bonds
G1p
Isoprenes in Archaea
Bilayers or monolayers
Cyclonpentene rings
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9
Q

Name the major features of Bacteria and Eucarya lipid membranes

A

Ester bonds
G3P
Fatty acids
Only bilayers

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10
Q

How do you identify a gram + cell?

A

Thick peptidoglycan wall outside of membrane
Has a very small periplasm between the membrane and peptidoglycan.
Staphylococcus.

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11
Q

Name the features of a gram - cell

A

Thin peptidoglycan wall located in the periplasm, between the inner and out membranes.
E. coli

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12
Q

What type of cells have a lipopolysacharide outer membrane covering their thin peptidoglycan layer?

A

Gram -

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13
Q

What type of cell has a thick peptidoglycan layer making up their cell wall?

A

Gram +

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14
Q

Gram positive organisms stain what color?

A

Blue/ purple

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15
Q

What color do gram negatives stain?

A

Pink/ red

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16
Q

What are gas vacuoles and who uses them.

A

Vesicles of trapped air used by Cyanobacteria to travel up and down in water

17
Q

What is polhydroxybuterate, PHB?

A

A lipid like structure that can store extra C for lean times. Can make plastics and biofuels from.

18
Q

What is volutin?

A

Pyro phosphate granules that are stored in cytoplasm.

19
Q

What is a carboxysome?

A

Protein based polyhedral body that contains molecules for carbon fixation, are invaginations of the plasma membrane.

20
Q

What are invaginations?

A

Invaginations of the plasma membrane are a way to sequester some processes, increases cell surface area
Ex. Thylakoid membrane in Cyanobacteria

21
Q

What type of phospholipid bilayer do high temperature organisms have?

A

Saturated fatty acids, ester bonds

22
Q

What are hopanoids?

A

Strengthen membrane, all bacteria have except mycoplasma s ( have sterols)

23
Q

What are sterols and who has them!

A

Like cholesterol, used to strengthen lipid membranes, only in eukarya

24
Q

What is the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

Made of two sugars, NAG and NAM
Are connected by beta 1,4 linkages with variable #’s and types of amino acids
Are in D conformation
Usually 3 strings of NAG/NAM connected with interbridge links to other strands

25
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

An enzyme that cleaves the beta 1,4 linkages of nag/nam sugars in bacteria

26
Q

What are beta lactane antibiotics and how do they work?

A

Penicillin and vancomycin. It targets the interbridge links of nag/nam. Easiest to kill gram + bacteria cause cell wall is exposed

27
Q

What are the cell walls of archeae made of?

A

Pseudo peptidoglycan, aka psuedomurein
Nag and NAT
Beta 1,3 linkages
Lysozyme doesn’t work and most are not antibiotic sensitive but depends on cell wall and linkages

28
Q

In chemotaxis, what spin direction is caused by attractants?

A

Counterclockwise rotation. Flagella bundle together and push cell forward, run.

29
Q

In chemotaxis, repellents rotate which way?

A

Clockwise rotation, flagella fly apart, tumble- change direction

30
Q

Under what conditions would lysozyme be effective in killing a bacteria when penicillin is not?

A

No growth

31
Q

What is an S layer?

A

Surface crystalline layer, highly structured protein layer that may help with attachment or protection, in some archeae and bacteria

32
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

A diffuse, slime like layer, coating on outside of cell

33
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A defined coating on outside of cell, protects pathogens from phagocytosis by host cells.
Mostly made of sugars, some amino acids and proteins
Is a virulence factor in pathogenic species with a capsule

34
Q

What are fibriae?

A

Long hairlike structures on outside of some gram - species. 7 types. Are very fragile and can break off easily. 1,4 can regrow quickly

1: adhesion
4: twitching motility
7: sex pilus- conjugation, lateral gene transfer

Microbiology (9 decks)

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