Structure and Function

Question 1

What is a collection of organic molecules of varying chemical composition?

Answer 1

A Lipid

Question 2

What are the different functions Lipids serve in the human body?

Answer 2

Hormone Precursor
Vitamin Absorption
Protection of Organs
Insulation of body
Energy Source
Cell Membrane structure
Energy Storage
HV A PIECE

Question 3

What are SOME of the functions of Phospholipids/Cholesterol?

Answer 3

Cell Membrane Structural Components

Question 4

What are SOME of the functions of Triglycerides?

Answer 4

Energy Source
Energy Storage
Protection of Organs

Question 5

What are SOME of the functions of ONLY Cholesterol?

Answer 5

Hormone Precursor
Protection of organs

Question 6

How can Lipids be subdivided?

Answer 6

Fatty Acids
Glycerides
Nonglyceride Lipids
Complex Lipids

Question 7

What is a chain of C - H bonds that terminate with a Carboxyl Group?

Answer 7

Fatty Acid

Question 8

What are the different lengths that we can classify Fatty Acids?

Answer 8

Short: 4 - 6
Medium: 8 - 12
Long: More than 12

Question 9

How can Fatty Acids be classified?

Answer 9

Number of C=C bonds
Saturated (no double bonds)
Monosaturated (one double bond)
Polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds)

Question 10

A Fatty Acid is arranged in the cis form. Why is it bent and how do we classify it?

Answer 10

It’s bent because both hydrogen are on the same side.
It’s classified as an Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Question 11

A Trans Unsaturated Fatty Acid resembles which Acid and why?

Answer 11

It resembles a Saturated Fatty Acid.
Hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides

Question 12

Which Fatty Acids are NOT synthesized in the body?

Answer 12

Linoleic and Linolenic

Question 13

What is beneficial in lowering the risk of Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 13

Fatty Acids
Omega-3-polyunsaturated

Question 14

What are the majority of Plasma Fatty Acids found as?

Answer 14

A constituent of Triglycerides or Phospholipids

Question 15

How does a Glycerol attach to a Triglyceride/Phospholipid?

Answer 15

Covalently
Ester bond between Carboxyl of fatty acid and Hydroxyl of Glycerol

Question 16

What does Triglyceride contain?

Answer 16

Three Fatty Acids
One molecule of Glycerol

Question 17

Triglycerides from which sources are mostly saturated and solid at room temperature?

Answer 17

Animal Sources

Question 18

Triglycerides have no charged or Polar Hydrophilic Groups. Therefore they are…

Answer 18

Very Hydrophobic and Water Insoluble
Classified as Neutral Lipids

Question 19

Long term energy storage is a function of what?

Answer 19

A Triglyceride

Question 20

What is the difference between a Triglyceride and a Phospholipid?

Answer 20

Phospholipids only have two fatty acid chains.
Contains a Phospholipid head group
All Hydrophilic in nature

Question 21

Phospholipids contain both a Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic element, making it a…

Answer 21

Amphipathic Lipid Molecule
Surface of Lipid Layers

Question 22

What product does the Cytosolic Compartment of the Liver synthesize?

Answer 22

Phospholipids

Question 23

An Unsaturated Steroid Alcohol containing a single C - H chain

Answer 23

Cholesterol

Question 24

Where is the Hydroxyl Group of Cholesterol located?

Answer 24

In the A ring

Question 25

How is Cholesterol placed in the membrane?

Answer 25

Hydrophilic part faces water Parallel to Phospholipids

Question 26

What is almost exclusively synthesized by animals?

Answer 26

Cholesterol

Question 27

What lowers Plasma Total Cholesterol and LDL-C and raises HDL Cholesterol?

Answer 27

Dietary Phytosterols

Question 28

What promotes fat absorption by being converted to Primary Bile Acids?

Answer 28

Cholesterol

Question 29

How many enzymes are involved in forming Acetyl CoA?

Answer 29

25

Question 30

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Estrogens, and Androgens are all products of what?

Answer 30

Adrenal Glands, Testes, Ovaries, and Steroid Hormones converting Cholesterol

Question 31

Plasma Lipoproteins are responsible for what?

Answer 31

Movement of Lipids from one organ to another through the bloodstream

Question 32

A Chylomicron has something attached to it's surface that helps with it's structure, serves as a ligand, and activators/inhibitors. What is attached?

Answer 32

An Apolipoprotein Specifically Apo B-48

Question 33

A Lipoprotein is composed of what?

Answer 33

Lipids and Proteins

Question 34

What are the classes of Apoliproteins?

Answer 34

Apo A-1 Apo B (Apo B-100; Apo B-48) Apo C Apo E

Question 35

What measures the amount of Antiatherogenic HDL present in Plasma?

Answer 35

Apo A-1

Question 36

Large Apolipoprotein with a weight of 500kD

Answer 36

Apo B (Apo B-100/Apo B-48)

Question 37

Found in LDL and VLDL; Ligand for the LDL receptor and critical in uptake

Answer 37

Apo B-100

Question 38

Where can we find Apo C and what is it's function?

Answer 38

All Lipoproteins Activates Lipase enzymes to help transport Cholesterol

Question 39

Which Apolipoprotein is found in LDL, VLDL and HDL?

Answer 39

Apo E

Question 40

What is the size range of Lipoprotiens?

Answer 40

10 to 1200nm

Question 41

What are the four major classes of Lipoprotiens?

Answer 41

HDL LDL VLDL Chylomicron

Question 42

A specimen tube has a milky appearance. What is the most likely cause?

Answer 42

Contains Chylomicrons which scatter light

Question 43

What produces Chylomicrons?

Answer 43

Small Intestine

Question 44

What is the principle role of Chlyomicrons?

Answer 44

Carry Dietary Lipids to Peripheral Cells

Question 45

What is the role of VLDL?

Answer 45

Carry synthesized Triglycerides to adipose and other tissues

Question 46

What is a reason for an increase in VLDL production?

Answer 46

Excess intake of Carbs, Sat and Trans Fatty Acids

Question 47

What is the role of LDL?

Answer 47

Carry Cholesterol to P cells Regulates Cholesterol

Question 48

How do cells take in LDL?

Answer 48

LDL receptors

Question 49

What is the cause of the Precursor to Atherosclerotic Plaques?

Answer 49

Microphages taking up too many lipids

Question 50

How are LDL's made?

Answer 50

Lipolysis of VLDL

Question 51

How is HDL made?

Answer 51

Synthesized in Liver and Small Intestines

Question 52

What is the role of HDL?

Answer 52

Transport Cholesterol from cells back to Liver

Question 53

What are the two types of HDL's?

Answer 53

Discoidal: Most active Spherical: Most common

Question 54

Fatty Acids are oxidized to be used for energy production. What is the process called?

Answer 54

Beta-oxidation Carbon units are cleaved at the second carbon