Structure And bonding Flashcards
What is are the 3 states of matter ?
Solids, liquids and gasses .
What is extremely hard to do in a solid ?
Why is this ?
With almost no ….
Solids are really hard to compress.
This is because the particles are packed together in a regular pattern.With almost no spaces between the particles.
What kind of structure to solids have ?
Why is this ?
Solids have a fixed structure that
cannot flow from place to place .
This is because solids can vibrate but not move form place to place.
How are solids similar to liquids ?
Why is this ?
Just like liquids solids are extremely hard to compress.
This is because the particles are very close together with not many spaces between them.
How are liquids different to solids?
Why?
unlike solids , liquids take the shape of their container and flow from place to place.This is because the particular in a liquid can move.
How compressible are gasses ?why?
How do gases react in a container ?
Gasses are extremely easy to compress.
This is because the particles in gases are widely spaced .
Gases fill the space of their container.
This is because the Particles also in gas move quickly and randomly.
How do you change the state of a substance ?
You change a state of a substance by putting in or taking out energy.
What happens as a solid changes state to a liquid ?
Who has more Kinetic energy the particles in a liquid or solid ?
It’s called melting .
The particles in a liquid are moving around so they have more kinetic energy than a solid .
How do we break the forces of attraction in a solid ?
We break the forces of attraction in a solid by using energy .
What do we need to put in to convert a solid into a liquid ?
Energy
The stronger the forces of attraction …
And the higher…
The stronger the forces of attraction between the particles the more energy we’ve got to put in to break them .
And the higher the melting point .
What melting point does a candle wax have ?
Candle wax has a relatively low melting point .
This is because the forces of attraction between particles are relatively weak
So their fairly easy to break.
Converting a liquid back into a solid
Freezing
How do we convert a liquid into a gas
By boiling
How do we convert a gas back into a liquid ?
By condensing
What is the first limitation of the particle model ?
The first limitation is that the model assumes all particles are solid spheres .
What is the second limitation of the particle model ?
Secondly it assumes that there are no forces between the particles .
What is the structure of an ionic compound ?
What is every positive ion surrounded by ?
And what does this apply for ?
Ionic compounds have giant ionic lattices
Every positive ion is surrounded by a negative ion and vice versa .
What dimension do giant ionic lattices have ?
Giant ionic lattices are 3 dimensional
What do giant ionic lattices have ?
Giant ionic lattices have strong forces of attraction between positive and negative electrons.
Scientists call this electrostatic forces
What can electrostatic forces be called ?
Ionic bonds
What are the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds?
Why?
Ionic compounds have very high melting and boiling points.
This is because the strong electrostatic forces require a great deal of heat energy to break them .
What can ionic compounds not do when they are solid?
Why ?
Ionic compounds can’t conduct electricity when they are solid
This is because the ions cannot move they are locked in place by the strong electrostatic forces of attraction .
When can ionic compounds conduct electricity ?
Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they are molten or dissolved in water
That’s because ions can move and carry a charge .
What happens to the electrons outer shell in an ionic bonding ?
The outer electron are transferred from the metal atom to the non metals atom.
What is covalent bonding
When non metal atoms bond together
What do scientists call the covalent bond diagram .
What does a single line represent ?
Energy level diagrams
A single covalent bond
Shared pair of electrons
What happens in covalent bonding?
Atoms share an electron
What do covalent bonds take place in?
What is a covalent bond .
Covalent bond take place between non metals.
A covalent bond is a shared pair of electron.
What do small covalent molecules have ?
Small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points
This is because they have very weak intermolecular forces .
Giant covalent molecules are always …
Giant covalent molecules have millions of ….
Giant covalent molecules always have high melting and boiling points
Giant covalent molecules are always solid at room temperature
Giant covalent molecules have millions of strong covalent bonds.
Their always have high melting and boiling point
What is diamond formed from?
Diamond is formed from the element carbon
What does each carbon atom form ?
What do diamond have huge numbers of ?
When are these Brocken ?
What does this require?
Each carbon atom forms four strong covalent bonds .
Diamonds have a huge number of covalent bonds and these have to be Brocken when diamond is melted.
This requires a great deal of energy.
What can diamond not do ?
Why ?
Diamond cannot conduct electricity .
There are no free electrons to carry electrical charge.
What is the melting point of silicon ?
Why ?
Silicon has a very high melting point .
A huge number of strong covalent bonds must be Brocken and this takes a great deal of energy .
What are the melting and boiling points to graphite?
How does graphite feel?
Graphite has a high melting and boiling point .
Graphite is soft and slippery
Graphite is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity
What is graphite formed form ?
Graphite is formed from the element carbon .
Each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds .
What shape do the carbon atoms form in graphite ?and how are they arranged ?
What do they have and how does this make graphite slippery ?
Carbon atoms form hexagonal rings ,Arranged in layers.There are no covalent bonds between the layers so they can slide this makes graphite slippery.
What does graphite have a high melting and boiling point?
Because graphite has many strong covalent bonds, it takes a great deal of energy to break these bonds so graphite has a high melting and boiling point .
What are delocalised electrons ?
Delocalised electrons can move .This means they can conduct thermal electricity and energy .
How is graphite different to a metal ?
How is graphite similar to metal ?
(2 reasons)
Graphite is based on the element carbon so graphite is not a metal. Graphite is similar to metals as both graphite and metals are good conductors of electricity and heat .
Both graphite and metals have delocalised electrons that can move .
How is graphene different to graphite
Graphene is a single layer of graphite .graphene is one thick atom.
What graphene a good conductor of ?
How strong is graphene ?
Graphene is a good conductor of electricity because it has delocalised electrons .
Graphene is extremely strong .
What shape do fullerene have ?
3 descriptions
Fullerene are molecules of carbon atoms with a hollow shape.
Usually fullerene has hexagonal rings of carbon atoms .
Fullerene also have rings of five or seven carbon atom.
What are the uses of fullerene ?
3 uses
Pharmaceutical delivery
Lubricants
Catalyst
What do carbon nanotubes have ?
What are they excellent conductors of ?
Carbon nanotubes have high tensile strength.
Carbon nano tubes are excellent conductors of heat and electricity .
What kind of material are carbon nanotubes in ?
Carbon nanotubes are used in re enforcing materials such as tennis rackets
What are the arrangements of metals ?
Metals are arranged in a giant structure of atoms arranged in a regular layers.
The electrons in the outer energy levels of each atoms are delocalised .
Bonding in metals
What is metallic bond ?
We have a strong electrostatic attraction between the sea of delocalised negative electrons and positive metal ions .
Scientist call the electrostatic attractions in metals bonds are strong
Why do metals have a strong boiling and melting point ?
Metals have a high melting and boiling points because a great deal of energy is required to break the strong metallic bonds .
Why are metals a excellent conductor of heat and electricity ?
Metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricity because the delocalised electrons can move .
What does it mean that the delocalised electrons can move ?
Because they are charged these moving electrons can carry an electrical current
How can metals conduct heat
The moving electrons can carry thermal energy which allows allows metals to conduct heat
How are metals shaped?
Metals can be bent and shaped
In metals the layers of atoms are able to slide over each other .
What is an alloy
An alloy is a mixture of metals
The different sizes of atoms distorts the layers making it more difficult for them to slide over each other.
Alloys are harder than pure metals
