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Chemistry - Paper 1 > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the ancient Greeks believe about atoms ?
What in particular did they believe about atoms ?
How long was this accepted for ?

A

Thousands of years ago the ancient Greeks believed that everything is made of atoms.

They believed that atoms are tiny spheres that cannot be divided.This idea was accepted for hundreds of years.

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2
Q

What did scientist discover about atoms ?
What did they call this ?
What does this tell you about atoms?
So atoms for have an …

A

1897: scientists discovered that atoms contain tiny negative particles.They called these electrons.

This shows that atoms are not spheres that cannot be divided.Atoms have an internal structure.

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3
Q

What is the plum pudding model ?

What experiment did scientist carry out to see if the plum pudding model was correct ?

A

The plum pudding model is that an atom is a ball of Positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it .

Scientists carried out the alpha scattering experiment .

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4
Q 
How does the alpha scattering experiment work ?
What is the first step ?
What’s the reason for this?
What is step two? 
And what do we call these particles ?
A

The experiment works by
1) first a scientist took a piece of gold foil .
The reason that they used gold is that we can hammer gold out into very thin foils just a few atoms thick.
2) scientists then fired very tiny particular at the gold
We call this alpha particles.

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5
Q

What charge do alpha particles have?

What was the first thing scientists noticed about the alpha scattering experiment ?

A

Alpha particles have a positive
charge.
The first thing scientist noticed was that most of the other particles passed straight through the gold foil without changing direction.

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6
Q

What did scientist notice about alpha partial models sometimes ?
What does this mean?
What else do they notice ?

A

Scientist noticed that sometimes an alpha particle was deflected.(passes through the gold foil and changes direction).
Sometimes an alpha particle bounce straight back of the gold foil .

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7
Q

What did scientists discover after most of the particles went through ?
So what does this tell you about the plum pudding model ?

A

The fact that most of the alpha Particles also went through the gold atoms.
Therefore atoms are mainly empty space.
So scientists realised the plum pudding model had to be wrong .

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8
Q

What did scientists discover after some alpha particles were deflected ?

A

Some of the alpha Particles also were deflected (changed direction).
Therefore the centre of an atom must have a positive charge.
Alpha particles that come close to this are repelled and change direction.

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9
Q

What did scientists discover after some alpha particles bounce straight back ?

A

Some alpha particles bounced straight back .

The centre of an atom must contain a great deal of mass. We now call the central part of an atom the nucleus.

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10
Q

What did scientists replace the plum pudding with ?

A

From these results scientists replaced the plum pudding model with the nuclear model.

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11
Q

Neil Bohr discovery

A

Electrons orbit the nucleus at a specific distance.
Bohr’s work agreed with the results of experiments by other scientists.
We now call the “orbit” energy levels or shells

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12
Q

What did James Chadwick discover ?

A

The positive charge in the nucleus is due to tiny particles called protons .
He discovered that the nucleus also contains neutral particles called neutrons .

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13
Q

One key fact about atoms.

Radius of an atom ?

A

Atoms have no over charge because the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons .
-10
0.1nm (1 x 10 m )
= atom radius

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14
Q

Why is the radius of an atom approximate ?

What is the radius of the nucleus of an atoms

A

Some atoms are larger that others so it is only an approximate .
-14
(1 x 10 m)

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15
Q

Relative charge of protons?
Neutrons?
Electrons?

A

Protons=+1
Neutrons=0
Electrons= -1

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16
Q

Relative mass of protons?
Neutrons?
Electrons?

A

Protons=1
Neutrons=1
Electrons =very small

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17
Q

What is an isotopes ?

A

Isotopes are atoms with different number of neutrons and same number of electrons and protons.

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18
Q

What are ions ?
Positive ions have …
Negative ions have …

A

Ions are an atom that has an overall charge.They have gained or lost an electron.
Positive ions have gained an electron
Negative ions have lost an electron

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19
Q

Elements in group 0

A

Elements in group 0 are noble gases have a full outer shell

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20
Q

Why is it called the periodic table ?

What can we see in the periodic table ?

A

The word periodic means occurring at regular intervals .

In the Periodic table we can see that elements with similar properties occur at regular intervals.

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21
Q

What are similar about all the elements in a group?
What does this mean ?
Why is this ?

A

All the elements in a group have similar chemical properties.
That means they react in a similar way.
This is because all the elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.

22
Q

What did the scientist Döbereiner notice ?

What did he call these ?

A

The scientist johann Döbereiner noticed that elements with similar chemical properties often occurred in threes .
He called these triads .

23
Q

What did Döbereiner cause other scientists to think ?

A

Döbereiner caused other scientists to wonder weather the elements could be arranged into some sort of logical order

24
Q

What did John newland do?
What did he notice ?
What did Newton call this ?

A

John new lands arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight.
He noticed that every eighth atom reacts in a similar way .
Newton called this his law of octaves

25
Q

What were the problems of newlands system ?

A

By always sticking to the exact order of atomic weights, sometimes atoms were grouped together when they had totally different properties .

26
Q

What did this mean for newlands law in terms of other scientists ?

A

This meant that Newland’s law of octaves wasn’t really taken seriously by other scientists

27
Q

Dimitri Mendeleev
What did he do ?
How did Mendeleev start by doing this ?

A

Mendeleev developed the first modern periodic table .

Mendeleev started to to this by arranging all the elements in order of increasing atomic weight .

28
Q

What was the first thing that Dimitri Mendeleev did that no one has done before ?
Why ?

A

Mendeleev firstly would switch the order of specific elements if he needed to .
So they fitted the patterns of other elements in the same group.

29
Q

What was the second thing that Dimitri Mendeleev did that no one has done before ?
So what did he do ?

A

Secondly Dimitri realised that some elements had not been discovered yet.
So he simply left gaps in the periodic table where he thought that elements where missing .

30
Q

How do we know that Mendeleev was so confident ?

A

Mendeleev was so confident that his table was correct that he actually predicted the properties of the undiscovered elements based in other elements in the same group .

31
Q

Where Mendeleev’s predictions correct ?

Because of this how did scientists view Mendeleev’s work ?

A

Several years later these elements were discovered.Their properties matched Mendeleev’s predictions.

Because of that other scientists now accepted that Mendeleev’s table is correct. The modern periodic table is almost exactly the same as Mendeleev’s .

32
Q

How is the order of the modern periodic table different Mendeleev’s table ?

A

In the modern periodic table the elements are arranged in order of atomic number. But when Mendeleev’s developed his table protons had not been discovered .So he ordered the atomic number by weight .

33
Q

What is the problem with this ordering elements in order of increasing atomic weight ?

A

The problem with doing this is that Elements can appear in the wrong order due to the presence of isotopes . Secondly the modern periodic table has group 0 -The modern gases. This had not been fully discovered when Mendeleev’s published his table .

34
Q

What one key fact about noble gases ?
Why is this?
What group are noble gasses in ?

A

Noble gasses are very unreactive.

This is because all noble gasses have a full outer shell.

35
Q

What happens to the boiling point in group 0?

A

The boiling point increases as the relative atomic masses increase (going down the group).

36
Q

What happens when metals react ?
Why ?
What does this give them ?
What is one key fact about metals ?

A

When metals react they lose electrons to form a full outer shell.
This gives them the same electronic structure as a group 0 element
Metals always form positive ions .

37
Q

Where are the metals placed in the periodic table ?

Where are the non metals placed in the periodic table ?

A

Metals are placed on the left and the centre of the periodic table
Non metals are placed on the right.

38
Q

Where are the transition elements placed ?

Where are the highly reactive metals ?

A

Transition elements are placed in the centre of the periodic table .
The highly reactive metals are in group 1 and 2.

39
Q

What are group 1 metals also called ?

How many electrons do group 1 metals ?

A

Group 1 metals are also known as the alkali metals .

Group 1 metals have 1 electron in their outer shell.

40
Q

3 important facts about group 1 metals ?

A

All group 1 metals react rapidly with oxygen .
Group 1 metals react more rapidly as we move down group 1 .
Group 1 metals react rapidly with chlorine .

41
Q

What happens during the reaction between lithium and water ?
How do you know ?
(GROUP 1)

A

Lithium reacts rapidly with water
When can see fizzing telling use a gas has been produced.
The universal indicator turned purple telling use that the water is now alkaline .

42
Q

What happens during the reaction between sodium and water ?
How do you know ?
(GROUP 1)

A

In sodium we see a gas is being produced and the the water is alkaline .
Sodium reacts more rapidly than lithium

43
Q

What happens during the reaction between potassium and water ?
How do you know ?
(GROUP 1)

A

With Potassium the reaction is extremely rapid and a gas is being produced an the water is turning alkaline .

44
Q

What happens to the electrons as we move down group 1 ?
Why is this ?
How is the outer electron shielded ?
What does this mean as you move down group 1 ?

A

In group 1 Moving down the group the outer electron is less attracted to the nucleus and easier to lose .
There is a greater distance between the positive nucleus and the negative outer electron .
The outer electron is shielded from the nucleus by the internal energy levels .
So as we move down group 1 the elements get more reactive .

45
Q

What are the 2 important facts about group 7 elements ?

A

Group 7 elements form molecules with two atoms joined by a covalent bond .
Melting and boiling points increase as we move down group 7

46
Q

What is a relative molecular mass ?

And how is that relevant to group 7 ?

A

Relative molecular mass is simply gives you a idea of the size of the molecule.
As we move down group 7 the relative molecular mass increases so the molecules get bigger .

47
Q

What happens when group 7 elements react with non metals ?

What happens when group 7 elements react with metals?

A

Group 7 elements form Covalent compounds when they react with other non metal atoms.
Group 7 elements form ionic compounds when they react with metals atoms .
So they gain an electron and form -1 ions.

48
Q

What is the Negative electron attracted to ?
What is the most reactive element in group 7?
What happens as we move down group 7?

A

The negative electrons is attracted to the positive charge of the nucleus .
Fluorine is the most reactive element in group 7 .
The elements get less reactive as as we move down group 7 .

49
Q

Who gains an electron less easily fluorine or chlorine ?
Why is this ?
(2 reasons)

A

Chlorine gains an electron less easily then fluorine.
This is because chlorine has a greater distance between the atom shell and nucleus than fluorine.
Also in chlorine the outer shell is shielded from the positive charge of the nucleus by the internal electrons.

50
Q

How does displacement work in group 7 ?

A

A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its salt.

Chemistry - Paper 1 (6 decks)

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