structure and bonding

Question 1

what is ionic bonding

Answer 1

electron transferred from metal to non-metal to make full outer shells creating charged particles (ions)

Question 2

what is covalent bonding

Answer 2

electrons shared between two non metals to make full outer shell

Question 3

what is dative covalent/coordinate bonding

Answer 3

when both electrons in shared pair are supplied from a single atom - this is indicated by drawing an arrow from lone pair donor

Question 4

describe metallic bonding

Answer 4

lattice of positively charged ions surrounded by cloud of delocalised electrons

Question 5

strength of metallic bonding

Answer 5

greater the charge + the smaller the atomic radius, the stronger the attraction

Question 6

ionic properties

Answer 6

High mp/bp - strong att between + and - ions
Conductivity - yes when molten/solution as can move and carry charge, no when solid as can’t move freely
Brittle - when layers are distorted, like charges repel, breaking the lattice apart

Question 7

metallic properties

Answer 7

high mp/bp - strong att between + ions and delocalised electrons
good conductors - delocalised electrons move and carry charge
malleable - layers of positive ions can slide over each other while maintaining metallic bonding

Question 8

simple molecular

Answer 8

covalently bonded molecules held together by Van der Waals’ forces

Question 9

simple molecular properties

Answer 9

low mp/bp - weak van der waals forces so easy to overcome

not conductors - no charged particles/delocalised electrons

Question 10

what’s giant covalent

Answer 10

giant lattice of covalently bonded atoms

Question 11

2 bond, 0 lone pairs

Answer 11

linear - bond angle 180`

eg BeCl2

Question 12

2 bond, 1 lone

Answer 12

bent, 118 angle, eg O3

Question 13

2 bond, 2 lone pair

Answer 13

bent v-shaped, 104.5 angle

eg H20

Question 14

3 bond, 0 lone pair

Answer 14

trigonal planar, 120 angle

eg BF3

Question 15

3 bond, 1 lone pair

Answer 15

trigonal pyramidal, 107 angle

Question 16

3 bond, 2 lone pair

Answer 16

t-shape, 89 angle, eg ClF3

Question 17

4 bond, 0 lone pair

Answer 17

tetrahedral, 109.5 angle

Question 18

4 bond, 1 lone pair

Answer 18

Seesaw, 89 and 119 angles

Question 19

4 bond, 2 lone pair

Answer 19

square planar, 90

Question 20

5 bond, 0 lone pair

Answer 20

trigonal bipyramidal, 90 and 120 angle

Question 21

6 bond, 0 lone pair

Answer 21

octahedral, 90

Question 22

Electronegativity definition

Answer 22

the power of an atom to attract the electron pair in a covalent bond

Question 23

what factors affect electronegativity

Answer 23

nuclear charge - +protons, +attr btwn nucleus and bonding electron pair
atm radius - smaller, closer outer shell to nucleus, +attr btwn nucleus and bonding electron pair
shielding - less shells, +attr btwn nucleus and bonding electron pair

Question 24

polar bond?

Answer 24

when two atoms that are bonded have different electronegativity, more electronegative atom is partially negative charge (permanent dipole)

Question 25

induced dipole?

Answer 25

forms when electron orbitals around a molecule are influenced by another charged particle

Question 26

what is a polar molecule?

Answer 26

when there is an uneven distribution of electronegativity

Question 27

which elements form hydrogen bonding with H2

Answer 27

oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine

Question 28

Van der Waals?

Answer 28

weakest int molecular force, acts as induced dipole between moleucles

Question 29

dipole-dipole bond?

Answer 29

second strongest int molecular force - for polar molecules

Question 30

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 30

strongest int molecular force - lone pair on N2/O2/F2 forms bond with hydrogen atom, shown by straight dotted line when drawing