Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacognosy > Structure > Flashcards

Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose

A

Dextrose, blood sugar, grape sugar, physiologic sugar
Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
Sweetening agaent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glucose & Galactose

A

Aldohexose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Liquid glucose

A

Thick incomplete hydolysis of stach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Calcium gluconate

A

Electrolyte replenisher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Calcium gluceptate and levulate

A

Ca sources form 7C and 5C glucose derivative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ferrous gluconate

A

Hematinic, iron deficiency anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fructose

A

Levulose, fruit sugar

Fruits and honey , hydrolysis of inulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fructose

A

Ketohexose
Nature - furanose
Isolated crystalline - pyranose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fructose

A

Isomerization of glucose by Streptomyces thru enzyme glucose isomerase
Diabetic, infant feeding formula, IV
Sweetest mono

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Galactose

A

C4 epimer of glucose
Milk, neuronal fibers
Convertible to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Xylose

A

Wood sugar
Boiles corn cobs, heart of decidous trees, dilute acids to xydralyze its polymer xylan
Diagnostic aid with intestinal malabsorption (Crohn’s disease, celiac disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Xylose

A

Aldopentose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Maltose, maltotriose

A

Alpha 1, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sucrose

A

Alpha 1 beta 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Trehalose

A

Alpha 1,1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lactose ; cellulose

A

Beta 1,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Starch, glycogen

A

Alpha 1,4 1,6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inulin

A

Beta 2,1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dextrose

A

Alpha 1,6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Maltrose

A

Diastatic fermentation of barley

Sweetener, tonicity adjuster, compt of beers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sucrose

A

Table sugar, saccharum
Negative Benedicts, Fehlings, Barfoed, Tollens (2>1)
Hydrolysis > glu + fru called invert sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Barley

A

Hordeum vulgare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sugar beet

A

Beta vulgaris

Limp silvers- cossettes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sugarcane

A

Saccharum officinale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sugar maple

A

Acer saccharum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sucrose

A

A-D glucose + B L glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sugarcane / sugar beet

A

Boiled with lime, ivert sugar and coagulate albumin, decolorize with SO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Molasses

A

Sugar that cannot crystallize again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sucrose

A

Demulcent, coating agent, sweetening agent, syrups, preservative, anti-oxidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Trehalose

A

Brown seaweed in fungi
Glu + glu
Nonreducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lactose

A

Glu + gal
Milk of cow
Crystallization of whey, byproduct of cheese
Tablet diluent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lactose intolerence

A

Lacks lactase/ B glycosidase

Diarrhea, GI disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Butter

A

Fat globules by churning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Buttermilk

A

Liquid after globules unite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Skimmed milk

A

Milk without cream/ globules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Coagulum

A

Skimmed with renin/ rennet -»» cheese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Whey

A

Skimmed without coagulated proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Condensed milk

A

Partially evaporated milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Malted milk

A

Milk evaporated with malt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Kymyss

A

Alcohol beverage with mare’s milk

Nomad in Asia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Lactulose

A

Alkaline rearrangement of tautomerization of lactose
Semi-synthetic
Laxative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Lactulose

A

Poorly absorbed, colon > lactic acid and acetic acid

GI irritants, high peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Lactulose

A

Encephalophaty
Flapping tremor
NH4+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Maltotriose

A

3 glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Dextrins

A

Partial hydrolysis of starch ( amylase, glucosidase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Alpha glucosidase inhibitor

A

X intestinal absorption of sugars

Oral hypoglycemic agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Gentianose

A

Glu + glu + fru

Giantiana spp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Raffinose

A

Glu + gal + fru

Many seeds, cottonseed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Stachyose

A

Gal+ gal+ glu + fru

Stachys japonica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Oxidation

A

Rise to sugar acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Reduction

A

Sugar alcohols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Cherry juice

A

Ripe juice of cherry ( Prunus cerasus)
Malic acid
Mask taste of sour drugs
Pectin, incompatible with alcohol, + 0.1% benzoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Plant acids

A

Organic 2-6C, 2-3 carboxyl groups

Accidulants effervesence, buffer systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Citric acid 6

A

Scheele lemon juice
Isocitric acid - isomer
Aconitic acid - dehydrated form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Tartaric acid 4

A

By product of wine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Malic acid

A

Apple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Lactic acid 3

A

Infant feeding formula

58
Q

Oxalic acid 2

A

Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi)
Balimbing (Averrhoa carambola)
Gabi (Colocasia esculenta)
Oxidation product of ehylene glycol poisoning

59
Q

Fromic acid 1

A

Ant bites
Volatile poison
Oxidation product of methanol poisoning

60
Q

Protocatechuic acid

A

Onion resistant to acctacks of fungus

61
Q

Shikimic

A

Precursor of aromatic compouns/ AA

62
Q

Ascorbic acid

A

Cofactor of collagen hydroxylases
Scurvy
IV

63
Q

Alcohol

A 
Yeaat wine production
Chemical hydration of ethylene (disinfectant/ antiseptic)
USP 94.9% 15.56
Low conc - stimulant
High conc- drepressant
64
Q

Brandy

65
Q

Whiskey

A

Malted grain

66
Q

Rum

67
Q

Mannitol

A

Manna ( Fraxinus ornus)
Produce by hydrogenated fructose
Osmotic diuretic IV, laxative oral
Kidney failure, glucoma, intracranial pressure

68
Q

Sorbitol

A

Glucitol
Mountain ash (Sorbus acuparia), now bacteria biotechnology
Sweetener (1/2 sweet as sucrose)
Not absorbed on oral - toothpaste, gum

69
Q

Sorbitol

A

By producto of glucose metabolism when hyperglycemic (via polyol pathway)

70
Q

Glucose to sorbitol

A

Aldose reductase

71
Q

Sorbitol to fructose

A

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

72
Q

Storage

A

Starch - plants

Glycogen - animals

73
Q

Structure

A

Chitin, cellulose

74
Q

Starch

A 
From corn (zea mays), wheat ( triticum aestivum), potatum ( saolanum tuberosum)
Differenciated by microscopic analysis
75
Q

Amylose

A 
Linear
Beta- amylose
Alpha 1,4
More soluble in water
Deep blue
25%
76
Q

Amylopectin

A 
Branched 
Alpha 1,6 alpha 1,6
Less soluble (paste)
Blu violet / purple
75%
77
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme breaks doem starch

78
Q

Alpha amylose

A

Enzyme pancreatic juice (amylopsin), saliva (ptyalin)

Endproduct : glu, mal, amylopectin

79
Q

Beta amylase

A

Endproduct nearly pure maltose
Remove maltose from non-reducing end of poly
At branching - maltose & dextrins ( incomplete hydrolysis)

80
Q

Amyloplast

A

Storage center of starch

81
Q

Starch

A

Tablet binder, filler, disintegrant

Antidote for iodine poisoning

82
Q

Pregalatinezed starches

A

Chemically, mechanically processed to rupture the granules

Tablet binder

83
Q

Sodium starch glycollate

A

Disintegrant

84
Q

Hetastarch

A

Plasma expander 6%

85
Q

Glycogen

A

Homoploy saccharide like amylopectin
Animal starch
More branced than starch
I test : wine red

86
Q

Inulin

A

Fructosan linked with glucose at terminal
Asteraceae ( dandelion - Taraxacum officinale)
Evaluation of renal function ( accurate but not used)

87
Q

Pheins in grasses

A

Phleun pratens

88
Q

Agropyrene in couch grass

A

Agopyron repens

89
Q

Sinistrin in squill

A

Urginea maritina

90
Q

Dextran

A

From Leuconocstoc mesenteroides (dextran sucrase/ transglycosidase) conversionof sucrose to dextran
Plasma expander at 10%

91
Q

Iron dextran

A

IV iron supplement

92
Q

Cellulose

A

Not digested by mammals - lack cellulase x break beta gbonds
Ba teria, rumen microflora, herbivores
Cell wall (rigid)
Most abundant organic compound

93
Q

Cellulose : plant

A

Chitin : fungi

94
Q

Cellulose : Cotton

A

From purified cotton (Gossypium hiratum)
Cylindrical - young; flat, twisted - mature
Waxy cuticle - nonabsorbant
Bleached cotton yarn, absorbent cotton wool - wetted by water
Celloboise - 2 glu units

95
Q

Cotton

A

Ammoniacal CuO
Raw cotton - dissolves leaves cuticle
Absorbent cotton - iniform swelling

96
Q

Cellulose : Regenerated fibers

A

Isolated, controlled, modified suitable finre form

97
Q

Viscose

A

Rayon

Surgical dressing

98
Q

Continuos folament rayon

A

Blouse fabrics

99
Q

Staple rayon

A

Fixed length

surgical dressing

100
Q

Cellulose ethers

A

Methyl cellulose
Carmellose
Ethylcellulose
Cellulose acetate phthalate

101
Q

Methylcellulose

A

Methyl chloride on alkali cellulose
Best grade 2/3 OH methylated
Lotions, suspentions, pastes
Laxative

102
Q

Carmellose

A

Monochloroacetic acid alkali celulose

Similar with methylcellulose

103
Q

Ethyl cellulose

A

Tablet binder

Film coat

104
Q

Cellulose acetate phthalate

A

Eneteric coating on tablets

105
Q

Pyroxylin

A

Soluble guncotton

Colloidon: pyroxylin + alcohol + ether (1:3)

106
Q

Pyroxylin/ soluble guncotton

A

Topical protectant

Nitric and sulfuric acid in cotton

107
Q

Colloidon

A

Colloidon + castor oil (3%) - Flexible Colloidon
+ camphor - Waterproof colloidon
Topical protectant

108
Q

Oxidized cellulose

A

Treated with nitogen dioxide until carboxyl grps is 16-22%

Glucoronic acid residues

109
Q

Alginate fibers

A

Pumped thru spinneret and immersed in CaCl2

Mannuronic acid gives weaker gel and less fiber strength

110
Q

Cotton : allied drugs

A

Jute (Cochorus capsularis)
Flax ( Linum usitassimum)
Hemp ( Cannabis sativa)

111
Q

Gums & Muscillages

A

Yields uronic acid + pentoses (Glu, gal, man, xy, arab) upon hydrolysis
Classified as anionic and non-ionic
Gum- Pathologic, dissolves in water
Mucilage - physiologic, slimmy masses in water

112
Q

Plant exudates

A

Acacia (Acia senegal)
Tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer)
Ghatti gum (Anogeissus latifolia)
Steculia/ Karaya

113
Q

Acacia

A

Arabin - Ca, Mg, K slats and arabic acid

Tapped in trees 6 y.o

114
Q

Tragacanth

A 
Bassorin (60-70%)- swelling component
Tragacanthin (~30%) - water soluble
Hogtragacanth  - texttile and pickle 
36% swells in wter, resistant to acid hydrolysis 
Low pH
115
Q

Ghatti gum

A

Acacia substitute

116
Q

Karaya

A 
D- galac 
D- gluco
Medium - pink; low - very dark
Discontinuos type of muscilage
Laxa, emulsifier, dental adhesive
Good quality is colorless and translucent
117
Q

Marine sources

A 
Agar/ Japanese Isinglas (Gelidium cartilagineum)
Algin (Macrocystis pyrifera)
Carageenan (Chondrus crispus)
Danish Agar (Furcellaria)
Kelp (Laminaria)
118
Q

Seed sources

A

Plantago - bulk laxative with water
Cydonium/ Quince seed
Guar gum - oral hypoglycemic, laxative
St. John’s bread- choco,galactomanan source

119
Q

Microbial sources

A

Xanthan gum - pseudoplasctic shear thinning

Suspending agent, emulsifier, stabilizer

120
Q

Other soures

A

Marshmallow - 10% mucilage, irritable coughs, throat, GI
Couch grass- 10% mucilage and fructan triticin
Slippery elm bark - demulcent, emmolient, nutitive property

121
Q

Pectin

A

Middle lamela of cell walls
Abundant in fruits, roots as insoluble protopectin
Structure has D- galac with rhamnose

122
Q

Protopectin

A

Soluble by heating with dilute acid to be soluble pectin

123
Q

Pectiric acid

A

Insoluble degradation ofover ripe fruits

124
Q

Kaopectate

A

Kaolin & pectin - antidiarrheal

Brand name for bismuth subalicylate

125
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Polymer mono with beta N glycosodic bonds

126
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Bacterial cellwall

127
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Osteoarthritis

128
Q

Dermatan sulfate

129
Q

Keratan sulfate

A

Sulfated glycosaminoglycan
Cornea, cartilage, bone
Cushion for mechanical shock

130
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Anionic glycosaminoglycan

Synovial fluid

131
Q

Chitin

A

N acetylgalactosamine

Shells of crustaceans

132
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant

Inhibits thrombin

133
Q

Kordonfan variety in sudan

A

Best variety
White, pale yellow
Transparent

134
Q

Talka gum

A

Acacia seya
Incompatible with alcohols 60%<
5-6% swells in water
Suspending agent, demulcent

135
Q

Veriform

A

Wormlike

twisted coils

136
Q

Tragacanth sorts

137
Q

Ribbon/ flake gum

A

Longitudinal strands
Best grades contain less trag
High bassorin more viscous

138
Q

Agar

A 
Nutrient culture media
Laxative
Suspending agent
Agarose - gel strength 
Agaropectin - viscosity
139
Q

Alginic acid

A

Mannuronic and gluronic acid
Suspending agent
Food ice cream, choco

140
Q

Kelp

A

Iodine sources
Dilates cervix
Antiobese
Atherosclerosis

141
Q

Carageen

A

Kappa, lambda - gelling

Ioda - thickener,non gel

142
Q

Danish agar

A

Kappa - suspending agent, gelling

Pharmacognosy (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions