Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose

A

Dextrose, blood sugar, grape sugar, physiologic sugar
Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
Sweetening agaent

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2
Q

Glucose & Galactose

A

Aldohexose

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3
Q

Liquid glucose

A

Thick incomplete hydolysis of stach

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4
Q

Calcium gluconate

A

Electrolyte replenisher

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5
Q

Calcium gluceptate and levulate

A

Ca sources form 7C and 5C glucose derivative

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6
Q

Ferrous gluconate

A

Hematinic, iron deficiency anemia

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7
Q

Fructose

A

Levulose, fruit sugar

Fruits and honey , hydrolysis of inulin

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8
Q

Fructose

A

Ketohexose
Nature - furanose
Isolated crystalline - pyranose

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9
Q

Fructose

A

Isomerization of glucose by Streptomyces thru enzyme glucose isomerase
Diabetic, infant feeding formula, IV
Sweetest mono

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10
Q

Galactose

A

C4 epimer of glucose
Milk, neuronal fibers
Convertible to glucose

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11
Q

Xylose

A

Wood sugar
Boiles corn cobs, heart of decidous trees, dilute acids to xydralyze its polymer xylan
Diagnostic aid with intestinal malabsorption (Crohn’s disease, celiac disease)

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12
Q

Xylose

A

Aldopentose

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13
Q

Maltose, maltotriose

A

Alpha 1, 4

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14
Q

Sucrose

A

Alpha 1 beta 2

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15
Q

Trehalose

A

Alpha 1,1

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16
Q

Lactose ; cellulose

A

Beta 1,4

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17
Q

Starch, glycogen

A

Alpha 1,4 1,6

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18
Q

Inulin

A

Beta 2,1

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19
Q

Dextrose

A

Alpha 1,6

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20
Q

Maltrose

A

Diastatic fermentation of barley

Sweetener, tonicity adjuster, compt of beers

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21
Q

Sucrose

A

Table sugar, saccharum
Negative Benedicts, Fehlings, Barfoed, Tollens (2>1)
Hydrolysis > glu + fru called invert sugar

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22
Q

Barley

A

Hordeum vulgare

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23
Q

Sugar beet

A

Beta vulgaris

Limp silvers- cossettes

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24
Q

Sugarcane

A

Saccharum officinale

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25
Q

Sugar maple

A

Acer saccharum

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26
Q

Sucrose

A

A-D glucose + B L glucose

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27
Q

Sugarcane / sugar beet

A

Boiled with lime, ivert sugar and coagulate albumin, decolorize with SO2

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28
Q

Molasses

A

Sugar that cannot crystallize again

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29
Q

Sucrose

A

Demulcent, coating agent, sweetening agent, syrups, preservative, anti-oxidant

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30
Q

Trehalose

A

Brown seaweed in fungi
Glu + glu
Nonreducing

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31
Q

Lactose

A

Glu + gal
Milk of cow
Crystallization of whey, byproduct of cheese
Tablet diluent

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32
Q

Lactose intolerence

A

Lacks lactase/ B glycosidase

Diarrhea, GI disturbance

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33
Q

Butter

A

Fat globules by churning

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34
Q

Buttermilk

A

Liquid after globules unite

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35
Q

Skimmed milk

A

Milk without cream/ globules

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36
Q

Coagulum

A

Skimmed with renin/ rennet -»» cheese

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37
Q

Whey

A

Skimmed without coagulated proteins

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38
Q

Condensed milk

A

Partially evaporated milk

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39
Q

Malted milk

A

Milk evaporated with malt

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40
Q

Kymyss

A

Alcohol beverage with mare’s milk

Nomad in Asia

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41
Q

Lactulose

A

Alkaline rearrangement of tautomerization of lactose
Semi-synthetic
Laxative

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42
Q

Lactulose

A

Poorly absorbed, colon > lactic acid and acetic acid

GI irritants, high peristalsis

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43
Q

Lactulose

A

Encephalophaty
Flapping tremor
NH4+

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44
Q

Maltotriose

A

3 glucose

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45
Q

Dextrins

A

Partial hydrolysis of starch ( amylase, glucosidase)

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46
Q

Alpha glucosidase inhibitor

A

X intestinal absorption of sugars

Oral hypoglycemic agent

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47
Q

Gentianose

A

Glu + glu + fru

Giantiana spp

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48
Q

Raffinose

A

Glu + gal + fru

Many seeds, cottonseed

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49
Q

Stachyose

A

Gal+ gal+ glu + fru

Stachys japonica

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50
Q

Oxidation

A

Rise to sugar acids

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51
Q

Reduction

A

Sugar alcohols

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52
Q

Cherry juice

A

Ripe juice of cherry ( Prunus cerasus)
Malic acid
Mask taste of sour drugs
Pectin, incompatible with alcohol, + 0.1% benzoic acid

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53
Q

Plant acids

A

Organic 2-6C, 2-3 carboxyl groups

Accidulants effervesence, buffer systems

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54
Q

Citric acid 6

A

Scheele lemon juice
Isocitric acid - isomer
Aconitic acid - dehydrated form

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55
Q

Tartaric acid 4

A

By product of wine

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56
Q

Malic acid

A

Apple

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57
Q

Lactic acid 3

A

Infant feeding formula

58
Q

Oxalic acid 2

A

Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi)
Balimbing (Averrhoa carambola)
Gabi (Colocasia esculenta)
Oxidation product of ehylene glycol poisoning

59
Q

Fromic acid 1

A

Ant bites
Volatile poison
Oxidation product of methanol poisoning

60
Q

Protocatechuic acid

A

Onion resistant to acctacks of fungus

61
Q

Shikimic

A

Precursor of aromatic compouns/ AA

62
Q

Ascorbic acid

A

Cofactor of collagen hydroxylases
Scurvy
IV

63
Q

Alcohol

A
Yeaat wine production
Chemical hydration of ethylene (disinfectant/ antiseptic)
USP 94.9% 15.56
Low conc - stimulant
High conc- drepressant
64
Q

Brandy

A

Wine

65
Q

Whiskey

A

Malted grain

66
Q

Rum

A

Molasses

67
Q

Mannitol

A

Manna ( Fraxinus ornus)
Produce by hydrogenated fructose
Osmotic diuretic IV, laxative oral
Kidney failure, glucoma, intracranial pressure

68
Q

Sorbitol

A

Glucitol
Mountain ash (Sorbus acuparia), now bacteria biotechnology
Sweetener (1/2 sweet as sucrose)
Not absorbed on oral - toothpaste, gum

69
Q

Sorbitol

A

By producto of glucose metabolism when hyperglycemic (via polyol pathway)

70
Q

Glucose to sorbitol

A

Aldose reductase

71
Q

Sorbitol to fructose

A

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

72
Q

Storage

A

Starch - plants

Glycogen - animals

73
Q

Structure

A

Chitin, cellulose

74
Q

Starch

A
From corn (zea mays), wheat ( triticum aestivum), potatum ( saolanum tuberosum)
Differenciated by microscopic analysis
75
Q

Amylose

A
Linear
Beta- amylose
Alpha 1,4
More soluble in water
Deep blue
25%
76
Q

Amylopectin

A
Branched 
Alpha 1,6 alpha 1,6
Less soluble (paste)
Blu violet / purple
75%
77
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme breaks doem starch

78
Q

Alpha amylose

A

Enzyme pancreatic juice (amylopsin), saliva (ptyalin)

Endproduct : glu, mal, amylopectin

79
Q

Beta amylase

A

Endproduct nearly pure maltose
Remove maltose from non-reducing end of poly
At branching - maltose & dextrins ( incomplete hydrolysis)

80
Q

Amyloplast

A

Storage center of starch

81
Q

Starch

A

Tablet binder, filler, disintegrant

Antidote for iodine poisoning

82
Q

Pregalatinezed starches

A

Chemically, mechanically processed to rupture the granules

Tablet binder

83
Q

Sodium starch glycollate

A

Disintegrant

84
Q

Hetastarch

A

Plasma expander 6%

85
Q

Glycogen

A

Homoploy saccharide like amylopectin
Animal starch
More branced than starch
I test : wine red

86
Q

Inulin

A

Fructosan linked with glucose at terminal
Asteraceae ( dandelion - Taraxacum officinale)
Evaluation of renal function ( accurate but not used)

87
Q

Pheins in grasses

A

Phleun pratens

88
Q

Agropyrene in couch grass

A

Agopyron repens

89
Q

Sinistrin in squill

A

Urginea maritina

90
Q

Dextran

A

From Leuconocstoc mesenteroides (dextran sucrase/ transglycosidase) conversionof sucrose to dextran
Plasma expander at 10%

91
Q

Iron dextran

A

IV iron supplement

92
Q

Cellulose

A

Not digested by mammals - lack cellulase x break beta gbonds
Ba teria, rumen microflora, herbivores
Cell wall (rigid)
Most abundant organic compound

93
Q

Cellulose : plant

A

Chitin : fungi

94
Q

Cellulose : Cotton

A

From purified cotton (Gossypium hiratum)
Cylindrical - young; flat, twisted - mature
Waxy cuticle - nonabsorbant
Bleached cotton yarn, absorbent cotton wool - wetted by water
Celloboise - 2 glu units

95
Q

Cotton

A

Ammoniacal CuO
Raw cotton - dissolves leaves cuticle
Absorbent cotton - iniform swelling

96
Q

Cellulose : Regenerated fibers

A

Isolated, controlled, modified suitable finre form

97
Q

Viscose

A

Rayon

Surgical dressing

98
Q

Continuos folament rayon

A

Blouse fabrics

99
Q

Staple rayon

A

Fixed length

surgical dressing

100
Q

Cellulose ethers

A

Methyl cellulose
Carmellose
Ethylcellulose
Cellulose acetate phthalate

101
Q

Methylcellulose

A

Methyl chloride on alkali cellulose
Best grade 2/3 OH methylated
Lotions, suspentions, pastes
Laxative

102
Q

Carmellose

A

Monochloroacetic acid alkali celulose

Similar with methylcellulose

103
Q

Ethyl cellulose

A

Tablet binder

Film coat

104
Q

Cellulose acetate phthalate

A

Eneteric coating on tablets

105
Q

Pyroxylin

A

Soluble guncotton

Colloidon: pyroxylin + alcohol + ether (1:3)

106
Q

Pyroxylin/ soluble guncotton

A

Topical protectant

Nitric and sulfuric acid in cotton

107
Q

Colloidon

A

Colloidon + castor oil (3%) - Flexible Colloidon
+ camphor - Waterproof colloidon
Topical protectant

108
Q

Oxidized cellulose

A

Treated with nitogen dioxide until carboxyl grps is 16-22%

Glucoronic acid residues

109
Q

Alginate fibers

A

Pumped thru spinneret and immersed in CaCl2

Mannuronic acid gives weaker gel and less fiber strength

110
Q

Cotton : allied drugs

A

Jute (Cochorus capsularis)
Flax ( Linum usitassimum)
Hemp ( Cannabis sativa)

111
Q

Gums & Muscillages

A

Yields uronic acid + pentoses (Glu, gal, man, xy, arab) upon hydrolysis
Classified as anionic and non-ionic
Gum- Pathologic, dissolves in water
Mucilage - physiologic, slimmy masses in water

112
Q

Plant exudates

A

Acacia (Acia senegal)
Tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer)
Ghatti gum (Anogeissus latifolia)
Steculia/ Karaya

113
Q

Acacia

A

Arabin - Ca, Mg, K slats and arabic acid

Tapped in trees 6 y.o

114
Q

Tragacanth

A
Bassorin (60-70%)- swelling component
Tragacanthin (~30%) - water soluble
Hogtragacanth  - texttile and pickle 
36% swells in wter, resistant to acid hydrolysis 
Low pH
115
Q

Ghatti gum

A

Acacia substitute

116
Q

Karaya

A
D- galac 
D- gluco
Medium - pink; low - very dark
Discontinuos type of muscilage
Laxa, emulsifier, dental adhesive
Good quality is colorless and translucent
117
Q

Marine sources

A
Agar/ Japanese Isinglas (Gelidium cartilagineum)
Algin (Macrocystis pyrifera)
Carageenan (Chondrus crispus)
Danish Agar (Furcellaria)
Kelp (Laminaria)
118
Q

Seed sources

A

Plantago - bulk laxative with water
Cydonium/ Quince seed
Guar gum - oral hypoglycemic, laxative
St. John’s bread- choco,galactomanan source

119
Q

Microbial sources

A

Xanthan gum - pseudoplasctic shear thinning

Suspending agent, emulsifier, stabilizer

120
Q

Other soures

A

Marshmallow - 10% mucilage, irritable coughs, throat, GI
Couch grass- 10% mucilage and fructan triticin
Slippery elm bark - demulcent, emmolient, nutitive property

121
Q

Pectin

A

Middle lamela of cell walls
Abundant in fruits, roots as insoluble protopectin
Structure has D- galac with rhamnose

122
Q

Protopectin

A

Soluble by heating with dilute acid to be soluble pectin

123
Q

Pectiric acid

A

Insoluble degradation ofover ripe fruits

124
Q

Kaopectate

A

Kaolin & pectin - antidiarrheal

Brand name for bismuth subalicylate

125
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Polymer mono with beta N glycosodic bonds

126
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Bacterial cellwall

127
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Osteoarthritis

128
Q

Dermatan sulfate

A

Skin

129
Q

Keratan sulfate

A

Sulfated glycosaminoglycan
Cornea, cartilage, bone
Cushion for mechanical shock

130
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Anionic glycosaminoglycan

Synovial fluid

131
Q

Chitin

A

N acetylgalactosamine

Shells of crustaceans

132
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant

Inhibits thrombin

133
Q

Kordonfan variety in sudan

A

Best variety
White, pale yellow
Transparent

134
Q

Talka gum

A

Acacia seya
Incompatible with alcohols 60%<
5-6% swells in water
Suspending agent, demulcent

135
Q

Veriform

A

Wormlike

twisted coils

136
Q

Tragacanth sorts

A

Tearlike

137
Q

Ribbon/ flake gum

A

Longitudinal strands
Best grades contain less trag
High bassorin more viscous

138
Q

Agar

A
Nutrient culture media
Laxative
Suspending agent
Agarose - gel strength 
Agaropectin - viscosity
139
Q

Alginic acid

A

Mannuronic and gluronic acid
Suspending agent
Food ice cream, choco

140
Q

Kelp

A

Iodine sources
Dilates cervix
Antiobese
Atherosclerosis

141
Q

Carageen

A

Kappa, lambda - gelling

Ioda - thickener,non gel

142
Q

Danish agar

A

Kappa - suspending agent, gelling