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Structural Design > Structural Terms > Flashcards

Structural Terms Flashcards

0
Q

Force System: all having the same direction

A

Parallel

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1
Q

Force System: all acting in a single plane of a vertical wall

A

Coplanar

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2
Q

Force system: all having their lines of action intersect at a common point.

A

Concurrent

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3
Q

Force system: force x distance, moment can be about any point called CENTER OF MOMENT

A

Moment

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4
Q

Force system: distance from center of moment to force, shortest of perpendicular distance from the center or moment to line of action of force

A

Moment Arm

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5
Q

Properties of forces: the amount of force, N

A

Magnitude

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6
Q

Properties of forces: refers to the orientation of its path or line of action. It is usually describes by the angle that line of of action make with some references.

A

Direction

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7
Q

Properties of forces: refers to the manner in which it acts along its line of action

A

Sense

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8
Q

Kinds of load: example is a beam supporting a column

A

Concentrated Loads

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9
Q

Kinds of loads: a series of uniform concentrated loads, but for 5 or more uniformly spaces concentrated loads.

A

Uniform Loads

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10
Q

Kind of loads: Varying load, moment load

A

Other loads

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11
Q

Types of Support

A

Hinged, Roller & Fixed/Restrained

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12
Q

Types of Beams

A

Simply supported, Simply supported with over hang - cantilever beam, propped cantilever beam, continuous beam

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13
Q

Type of force that pulls away from joint

A

Tension

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14
Q

Type of force that pushes toward joint

A

Compression

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15
Q

Type of force for connections

A

Shear

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16
Q

ASTM

A

American Society for Testing and Materials

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17
Q

ACI

A

America Concrete Institute

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18
Q

According to ACI code, If the strain in concrete reaches ____mm, it begins to crack.

A

.003

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19
Q

AISC

A

American Institute for Steel Construction

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20
Q

According to AISC, if a grade 60 steel reaches a strain ._____ it begins to yield of.

A

.0021

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21
Q

Maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when the load is released.

A

Proportional Limit

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22
Q

Maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original length but has incurred a permanent deformation we call PERMANENT SET.

A

Elastic Limit

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23
Q

The stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load. the material at some portion shows a decrease in the cross section.

A

Yield Point

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24
Q

The maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or rupture.

A

Ultimate Strength

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25
Q

Stress at which the material specimen breaks

A

Rupture Strength

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26
Q

the maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member, usually a fraction of the material’s elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength. Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING STRESS.

A

Allowable Stress

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27
Q

The range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation.

A

Elastic range

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28
Q

A temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress less than the elastic limit of the material.

A

Elastic deformation

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29
Q

Th property of material that cause it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident deformation. Since brittle materials lack the plastic behavior of ductile materials, they can give no warning of impending material.

A

Brittleness

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30
Q

The property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing.

A

Ductility

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31
Q

The property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the force.

A

Elasticity

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32
Q

The ability of material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load is released.

A

Malleability

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33
Q

The property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented by the area under the stress-strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material.

A

Toughness

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34
Q

A coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between unit stress and the corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke’s law and represented by the slope of the straight line portion of the stress-strain line diagram. Also called COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY, ELASTIC MODULUS

A

Modulus of Elasticity

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35
Q

The inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress producing deformation.

A

Permanent set

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36
Q

The stress necessary to produced a specific limiting permanent set in a material. Usually .2% of its original length when tested on tension. also called POOR STRESS

A

Yield Strength

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37
Q

The behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material

A

Strain-Rate effect

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38
Q

The brittle behavior low temperatures can causes in a normally ductile material.

A

Temperature Effect

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39
Q

the time-dependent decrease in stress in a constrained material under a constant load.

A

Stress Relaxation

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40
Q

The gradual permanent deformation of a body produced by a continued application of stress or prolonged exposure to heat. Creep deflection in a concrete structure continues over time and can be significantly greater than the initial elastic deflection

A

Creep

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41
Q

The weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected to repeated series of stresses.

A

Fatigue

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42
Q

Structural properties of A36 steel: Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is

A

14.5 ksi

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43
Q

Structural properties of A36 steel: Maximum allowable stress (Fb) for bending is

A

24 ksi

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44
Q

Structural properties of A36 steel: Modulus of elasticity (E) is

A

29,000 ksi

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45
Q

Weight of water

A

1000kg/m3

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46
Q

Weight of steel

A

7850kg/m3

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47
Q

Weight of concrete

A

2400kg/m3

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48
Q

formula for weight

A

density x volume

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49
Q

The act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body.

A

Tension

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50
Q

An applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body.

A

Tensile Force

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51
Q

A tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion or shear also called. AXIAL LOAD

A

Axial Force

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52
Q

The tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist axial force, assumed to be normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section. Also called DIRECT STRESS, NORMAL STRESS

A

Axial Stress

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53
Q

The act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in the reduction in size or volume of an elastic body.

A

Compression

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54
Q

An applied force producing or tending to produce compression in an elastic body.

A

Compressive Force

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55
Q

Force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of the cross section, producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the section. Also called ECCENTRIC LOAD

A

Eccentric Force

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56
Q

The internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it. Equal to the ratio of force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross-sectional area. Also called UNIT STRESS

A

STRESS

57
Q

The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear tensile force tending to elongate it.

A

Tensile Stress

58
Q

The elongation of a unit length of material produces by a tensile stress

A

Tensile Strain

59
Q

A measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a steel specimen after failure in tensile test.

A

Elongation

60
Q

A measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in cross-sectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test.

A

Reduction of Area

61
Q

The resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material.

A

Tensile Strength

62
Q

The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. Strain is a dimensionless quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size and shape to the original size and shape f a stressed element.

A

Strain

63
Q

An instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test specimen caused by tension, compression, bending or twisting. Also called EXTENSOMETER

A

Strain Gauge

64
Q

A coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the strain.

A

Young’s Modulus (Modulus of Elasticity)

65
Q

The ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body under longitudinal stress.

A

Poisson’s Ratio

66
Q

The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it.

A

Compressive Stress

67
Q

The shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive stress.

A

Compressive Strain

68
Q

The lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact.

A

Shear

69
Q

An applied force producing or tending to produce shear in the body.

A

Shear Force

70
Q

An internal force tangential to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in response to shear, shearing in a vertical plane necessarily involves shearing in a horizontal plane and vice versa.

A

Shearing Force

71
Q

The force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear force. Also called SHEAR STRESS, TANGENTIAL STRESS

A

Shearing Stress

72
Q

The lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses, defined as the tangent of the skew angle of the deformation.

A

Shearing Strain

73
Q

A coefficient elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between shearing stress and the corresponding shearing strain produced by the strain. Also called MODULUS OF RIGIDITY, MODULUS OF TORSION

A

Shear Modulus of Elasticity

74
Q

The bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length.

A

Bending

75
Q

A force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member, producing bending and shear.

A

Transverse Force

76
Q

The moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion.

A

Torque

77
Q

The twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body.

A

Torsion

78
Q

The depth of concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of the tension reinforcement.

A

Effective Length

79
Q

The amount of concrete required to protect steel reinforcement from fir and corrosion, measured from the surface of the reinforcement to outer surface of the concrete section.

A

Cover

80
Q

The adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete developed at any section of a flexural member.

A

Bond Stress

81
Q

A bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is insufficient room to develop in adequate embedment length.

A

Hook

82
Q

A 90 degree, 135 degree, 180 degree bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standards.

A

Standard Hook

83
Q

Any of various means, as embedment length or hooked bars, for developing tension or compression in a reinforcing bar on each side of critical section in order to prevent bond failure or splitting.

A

Anchorage

84
Q

The section of a flexural concrete member at a point of maximum stress, a point of inflection, or appoint within the span where tension bars are no longer needed to resist stress.

A

Critical Section

85
Q

A concrete in which the tension reinforcement theoretically reaches its specified yield strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain.

A

Balanced Section

86
Q

A concrete. section in which the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain before the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength. This is a dangerous condition since failure of the section could occur instantaneously without warning.

A

Over Reinforced Section

87
Q

A concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain. This is desirable condition since failure of the section would preceded by large deformations giving prior warning of impending collapse.

A

Under Reinforced Section

88
Q

A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across spaces supporting elements.

A

Beam

89
Q

The extent of space between two supports of a structure.

A

Span

90
Q

The distance between inner faces of the support of a span.

A

Clear Span

91
Q

The center to center distance between the supports of a span.

A

Effective Span

92
Q

An external moment tending to cause part of a structure to rotate or bend, equal to the algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section under consideration.

A

Bending Moment

93
Q

An internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being considered.

A

Resisting Moment

94
Q

The perpendicular distance spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section of the modulus of elasticity of the material.

A

Deflection

95
Q

An imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam, other member subject to bending , along which no bending stresses occur.

A

Neutral Axis

96
Q

A combination of compressive and tensile stresses developed at a cross section of structural member to resist transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface furthest from the neutral axis.

A

Bending Stress

97
Q

A slight convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder, or truss to compensate for an anticipated deflection.

A

Camber

98
Q

An external shear force at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the section.

A

Transverse Shear

99
Q

The shearing stress developed along cross section of a beam to resist transverse shear, having a maximum value at the neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer faces.

A

Vertical Shearing

100
Q

The shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along longitudinal planes of a beam under transverse loading, equal to any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point. Also called LONGITUDINAL SHEARING STRESS

A

Horizontal Shearing

101
Q

A formula defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the cross sectional properties of a beam. Bending stress is directly proportional to bending moment and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of a beam section.

A

Flexure Formula

102
Q

The sum of the products each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation. Moment of inertia is a geometric property that indicates how the cross-sectional area of structural member is distributed and does nit reflect the intrinsic physical properties of a material.

A

Moment of Inertia

103
Q

A geometric property of a cross section, defined as the moment of inertia of the section divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.

A

Section Modulus

104
Q

The buckling of structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on slender portion insufficiently rigid in the lateral direction.

A

Lateral Buckling

105
Q

Lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in a beam.

A

Stress Trajectories

106
Q

A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears present in a structure for a given set of transverse loads and support conditions concentrated loads produce external shears which are constant in magnitude between the loads uniformly distributed loads produce linearly varying shears.

A

Shear Diagram

107
Q

A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment present in the structure for a given set of transverse load and support conditions. The overall deflected shape of a structure subject to bending can often be inferred from the shape of its moment diagram.

A

Moment Diagram

108
Q

Produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads.

A

Concentrated Loads

109
Q

Produce parabolically varying moments

A

Uniformly Distributed Loads

110
Q

A net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure being considered.

A

Positive Shear

111
Q

A net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically downward on the left part of the structure being considered.

A

Negative Shear

112
Q

A bending moment that produces moment that produce a concave curvature at a section of a structure.

A

Positive Moment

113
Q

A point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vice versa as it deflects under a transverse load: theoretically an internal hinge and therefore a point of zero moment.

A

Inflection point

114
Q

A bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure.

A

Negative moment

115
Q

A beam resisting on a simple supports at both end which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance. As with any statically determinate structure, the values of all reactions, shears, and moments for a simple beam are independent of its cross sectional shape and material.

A

Simple beam

116
Q

A projecting beam supported at only one fixed end.

A

Cantilever beam

117
Q

A beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum.

A

Cantilever

118
Q

A simple beam extending beyond one pf its supports. The overhanging reduces the positive moment at midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the cantilever over the support.

A

Overhanging beam

119
Q

A beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. The fixed ends transfer bending stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam and reduces its maximum deflection

A

Fixed end beam

120
Q

A beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading. Both fixed end continuous beams are indeterminate structures for which the values of all reactions, shears and moments are dependent not only on span and loading but also on cross sectional shape and material.

A

Continuous beam

121
Q

The part of the beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance. The efficiency of a beam can be increased by shaping its length in response to the moment and shear values which typically vary along its longitudinal axis.

A

Haunch

122
Q

A simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining spans with pinned construction joints at points of zero moment. Also called HUNG SPAN

A

Suspended Span

123
Q

The distance between inflection points in the span of a fixed end or continuous beam, equivalent in nature to the actual length of simply supported beam.

A

Effective Length

124
Q

A relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive loads, applied at the member ends.

A

Column

125
Q

A stiff vertical support especially a wooden column in timber framing.

A

Post

126
Q

The sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the action of a compressive load. Buckling can occur well before the yield stress of the material is reached.

A

Buckling

127
Q

The axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unsuitable.

A

Buckling

128
Q

The maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to column without causing it to buckle. The critical buckling load for a column is inversely proportional to the square pf its effective length and directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material and to the moment of inertia of the cross section. Also called EULER BUCKLING LOAD

A

Critical Buckling load

129
Q

The critical point at which a column carrying its critical buckling load, my either buckle or remain undeflected. The column is therefore in a state of neutral equilibrium.

A

Bifurcation

130
Q

The critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section .

A

Critical buckling stress

131
Q

The ratio of the effective length of a column to its least ratio of gyration.

A

Slenderness ratio

132
Q

The radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis.

A

Radius of Gyration

133
Q

A slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than crushing.

A

Long column

134
Q

A thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than buckling.

A

Short Column

135
Q

A column having a mode of failure between that a short column and a long column, often party inelastic by crushing and partly elastic by buckling,

A

Intermediate column

136
Q

The amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis.

A

Eccentricity

137
Q

An additional moment developed in a structural member as its longitudinal axis deviates from the line of action of a compressive force equal to the product of the load and the member deflection at any point.

A

P-delta Effect

138
Q

The proposition that a compressive load should be located within the middle third of a horizontal section of a column or wall to prevent tensile stresses from developing in the section.

A

Middle third rule

139
Q

The distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling load. When this portion of a column buckles the entire column falls.

A

Effective Length

140
Q

A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal at any point to their algebraic sum.

A

Combined Stresses

Structural Design (2 decks)

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