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Sport Science Y1S2 > Structural Kinesiology (Biomechanics) > Flashcards

Structural Kinesiology (Biomechanics) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A

Flat bones

Irregular bones

Short bones

Sesamoid bones

Long bones

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2
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

A

Scaffold

Attachment/ lever

Movement

Mineral storage

Blood cell production

Protection

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton + what do these consist of?

A

Axial skeleton = thoracic cage, skull
- pectoral girdle

Appendicular Skeleton = pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle, all 4 limbs

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4
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis which all fuse together to form the sacroiliac joint

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5
Q

What are the 3 key classifications of joints?

A
  1. Fixed (fibrous) joints
  2. Slightly moveable joints
  3. Moveable (synovial) joints
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6
Q

What are the 6 anatomical classifications + common joint names of the moveable (synovial) joints

Give examples

A

Enarthrodial = ball + socket = glenohumeral

Ginglymus = hinge = humeroulnar

Sellar = saddle = carpometacarpal

Trochoidal = pivot = radioulnar

Arthrodial = gliding = intercarpal

Condyloidal = ellipsoid = metacarpophalangeal

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7
Q

What are the 2 main joint related structures, explain them

A

Ligaments = very strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that holds bones of a joint together (BONE TO BONE)

Tendons = tough bands of connective tissue joining MUSCLES TO BONES

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8
Q

How many ribs are there, which are true and which are false - explain

A

Ribs 1-7 = TRUE RIBS = attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages

Ribs 8-12 = FALSE RIBS = attached indirectly to costal cartilages above (8-10) and some ‘floating’ (11-12)

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9
Q

Describe the agonist + antagonist muscles and muscle action during the following movements…

  1. Hip flexion
  2. Knee extension
  3. Dorsi flexion at ankle
A
    • Agonist = iliopsoas, tensor fasciae latae
    • Antagonist = gluteus maximus
    • muscle action = concentric
    • agonist = vastus medialis, intermedius + lateralis
    • antagonist = bicep femoris, semi-tendonosus, semi-membranosus
    • muscle action = concentric
    • agonist = Tib ant
    • antagonist = gastrocnemius + soleus
    • muscle action = concentric
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10
Q

What are the key features of bone? [12]

A
  • Articular cartilage
  • Spongy + epiphyseal bone
  • Red bone marrow
  • Endosteum
  • Compact bone
  • Yellow bone marrow
  • medullary cavity
  • periosteum
  • metaphysis
  • proximal + distal epiphysis
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11
Q

What are some key skeletal disorders?

A
  1. Fractures
  2. Osteoporosis
  3. Osteoarthritis
  4. Rheumatoid arthritis
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12
Q

What are fractures + types?

A

Determined via snapping/ cracking sounds
- may be deformed
- tender or swollen
- verified via x-rays

Types - closed, open/compound, green-stick, comminuted

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13
Q

Explain what the types of fractures are

A

Closed = crack in the bone

Open/compound = clean snap of the bone

Green-stick = bone bends and cracks but not into multiple pieces

Comminuted = bone breaks into multiple little pieces

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14
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Loss of bone mass and density that makes the skeleton brittle and prone to fracture

  • high impact/ high load activity (running/ resistance training) can attenuate or even reverse decline in bone mass

Age, hormone related changes + calcium deficiency also promotes loss of bone density

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15
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

A degenerative joint disease that can be the consequence of…

  • ageing, wear + tear
  • A response to traumatic sports injury (ACL rupture)

Primarily due to a deterioration of cartilage producers
- bone growth, ultimately bone spurs that restrict bone movement
- muscle weakness, poor proprioception

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16
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disorder where the cartilage is attacked

  • causes inflammation, swelling and pain
  • final stop is fusion of joint
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17
Q

What are the 4 key functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Producing movement

Maintaining posture

Generating heat

Storing and moving substances

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18
Q

How is movement produced (overview)?

A
  1. Force produced by the muscle
  2. Force is transmitted to the skeleton via the tendon
  3. Movement occurs/ joint is stabilised/ posture is maintained
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19
Q

What do the following terms mean?

  • origin
  • Insertion
A

Origin = tendon attachments nearest the centre of the body

Insertion = tendon attachments furthest from the centre of the body

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20
Q

What are the movement descriptions? Explain

A

Concentric contraction = muscle is in tension + shortening (lift off for a jump)

Eccentric contraction = muscle is in tension + lengthening (landing of jump)

Isometric contraction - muscle is in tension + remains constant length

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21
Q

What do the following terms mean?

Agonist
Antagonist
Stabilisers
Synergists

A
  1. Agonist = muscle responsible for performing or controlling movement
  2. Antagonist = muscles that could oppose the agonists if activated
  3. Stabilisers = contract to stabilise nearby joints
  4. Synergists = assist in action of agonists (guiding muscles)
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22
Q

How is torque calculated?

A

Force x perpendicular distance from pivot

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23
Q

With regards to rotational movement + torque, what does a longer lever arm have an affect on?

A
  • increases torque
  • decreases ROM
  • decreases joint angular velocity (speed)
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24
Q

Describe pennate muscles

A

Muscles with a look of a feather as fibres bed into a tendon that runs the whole length of the muscle with fibres at an angle

  • these fibres sacrifice on speed of contraction as there are less sarcomeres in series but maximise on force production as get more sarcomeres in parallel to one another
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25
Q

What are multipennate muscles + what is their advantage?

A

Insert on multiple tendons tapering towards a common tendon

  • advantage is that they can perform a broader range of joint actions
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26
Q

Describe parallel fusiform muscles? Give an example

A

Sub-category of parallel muscle that has a larger central region called the muscle belly tapering to tendons at each ends (biceps brachii)

  • widening of the muscle belly has more sarcomeres in parallel for force production, so these have greater force production capabilities
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27
Q

What are bipennate muscles? Give an example

A

Pennate muscles with fascicles on both sides e.g. rectus femoris

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28
Q

What are parallel (non-fusiform) muscles?

A

The direction of the fibres is parallel to the force generating axis, making them useful for fast or explosive movements

  • sub-categorised into fusiform + convergent muscles
  • e.g. sartorius muscle
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29
Q

What are unipennate muscles?

A

Have fibres/ fascicle all on one side of tendon

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30
Q

Describe convergent muscles?

A

They have a broad origin and coverage at their insertion

  • have a weaker pull on the attachment due to their broad structure but similarly to multipennate muscles, they are versatile as they can change direction of pull based on region of muscle stimulated
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31
Q

Name the positional descriptor to the description below…

  1. Closer to midline
  2. Towards the front
  3. Away from surface
  4. Closer to origin
  5. Sole of foot
  6. Pertaining the palm
  7. Further from origin
  8. Further from midline
  9. Above/ on top
  10. Back of hand/ top of foot
  11. Below/ bottom
  12. Towards the back
  13. Towards surface
A
  1. Medial
  2. Anterior
  3. Deep
  4. Proximal
  5. Plantar
  6. Palmar
  7. Distal
  8. Lateral
  9. Superior
  10. Dorsal
  11. Inferior
  12. Posterior
  13. Superficial
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32
Q

What are the 3 planes of movement and their corresponding axis of rotation?

A

Sagittal (left and right) = frontal axis
Frontal (front and back) = sagittal axis
Transverse (top and bottom) = longitudinal axis

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33
Q

Which movements occur at which planes?

A

Sagittal = flexion, extension

Frontal = abduction, adduction

Transverse = lateral + medial rotation

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34
Q

What are multiplanar movements?

A

Notably the ball + socket joints of the hip and shoulder have a greater ROM

  • at these joints particular movements can occur across more than one anatomical plane
  • circumduction, diagonal adduction/ abduction
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35
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

Describes the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to allow contraction on the other side of that joint

  • activation of motor units of the agonists causes reciprocal neural inhibition of antagonists
  • allows lengthening of antagonists under less tension
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36
Q

What are the main functions of the foot and ankle?

A
  1. Load bearing
  2. Locomotion
  3. Shock absorber
  4. Lever for propulsion - pivot point to propel us away against ground (2nd class)
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37
Q

What makes up the arches of the foot?

A

Formed by skeleton and ligaments of the foot

  • longitudinal arch
  • transverse arch
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38
Q

Describe the longitudinal arch - what is comprises of, role

A

Comprises of calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, metatarsals

  • can be high, medium or low
  • for weight bearing, balance (lateral side), shock absorption (medial side)
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39
Q

Describe the transverse arch - comprises of, role

A

Extends across the foot from 1st to 5th metatarsal

  • role to play in adapting the foot to uneven surfaces of ground
  • foot can be manipulated in transverse plane
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40
Q

What is pes planus and pes cavus?

A

Pes planus = flat feet
- low arches - softer foot type, good shock aborption, less propulsion, can be caused by excessive eversion

Pes cavus = high arch
- generally a rigid foot type, poor shock absorption but good propulsion

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41
Q

What is the plantar fasciae + what’s the common injury?

A

A web-like ligamentous structure

  • attached to calcaneus, metatarsals, phalanges + skin
  • helps support the base of entire foot - including both arches

Plantar fasciitis = injury exhibited as heel pain from overtraining, increased load bearing too quick, increase in activity, obesity, tightness in Achilles
- can lead to inflammation + scarring at point of insertion

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42
Q

What are the 6 joints of the foot and ankle?

A
  1. Talocrural joint - ankle
  2. Subtalar joint - ankle
  3. Transverse tarsal joint - ankle
  4. Tarsometatarsal joint - foot
  5. Metatarsophalangeal joint - foot
  6. Interphalangeal joint - foot
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43
Q

Describe what makes up the talocrural joint, type, movements + plane

A

Mortise joint where tibia, fibula, talus articulate

  • hinge joint only allowing plantar + dorsi flexion = uniaxial
  • movement occurs in sagittal plane + frontal axis

40-50 degrees = plantar flexion
10-20 degrees = dorsi flexion

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44
Q

Describe the subtalar + transverse tarsal joint - type + movements

A

Gliding joint - allowing for inversion (25 degrees) / eversion (15 degrees) and as a result pronation / supination

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45
Q

what are the 4 compartments to categorise muscles of foot and ankle?

A
  1. Superficial posterior
  2. Deep posterior
  3. Anterior
  4. Lateral
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46
Q

Describe the gastrocnemius - compartment, origin, insertion + movements

A

Superficial posterior

  • 2 points of origin - off posterior surfaces of 2 femoral condyle
  • inserts into calcaneus

Allows flexion at knee + plantar flexion

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47
Q

Describe the soleus - compartment, origin, insertion + movements

A

Superficial posterior

  • originates off posterior surface of head of fibula + upper Half of posterior surface of tibia
  • inserts into calcaneus

Line of pull only passes joint at ankle - not knee
- allows plantar flexion + inversion

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48
Q

Describe the tibialis posterior - compartment, insertion + movements

A

Deep posterior

  • wraps around lower leg medially + inserts to navicular, cuneiform + base of metatarsals

Line of pull similar to soleus = plantar flexion + inversion

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49
Q

Describe the tibialis anterior - compartment, insertion + movements

A

Anterior

  • Sits on the front of the tibia (upper 2/3rds)
  • inserts onto most medial cuneiform + little of navicular

Pulls on top of foot + pulls medial side of foot = dorsi flexion + inversion

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50
Q

Describe the extensor hallucis longus - compartment, insertion + movements

A

Anterior

  • middle 2/3rds of anterior fibula
  • inserts onto distal hallucis

Pulls on top of foot = dorsi flexion
Pulls on medial side of foot = inversion

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51
Q

Describe the extensor digitorum longus - compartment, origin, insertion + movements

A

Anterior

  • origin is at lateral condyle of tibia and head of fibula
  • inserts at end of lesser toes

Dorsi flexion, toe extensor, eversion (pulls on lateral side of foot)

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52
Q

Describe the peroneus longus - compartment, origin, insertion + movements

A

Lateral

  • Origin is upper part of lateral fibula (proximal half)
  • inserts under base of foot - comes round lateral side

Foot eversion, plantar flexion (but weak)

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53
Q

Describe the peroneus brevis - compartment, origin, insertion + movements

A

Lateral

  • originates at lateral part of distal half of fibula
  • inserts onto base of foot

Foot eversion, plantar flexion (but weak)

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54
Q

Describe the peroneus tertius - compartment, origin + movements

A

Lateral

  • attaches onto distal part of anterior fibula

Eversion + weak contributor to dorsi flexion

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55
Q

What’s are some common injuries to the foot and ankle?

A

Achilles tendon rupture

Shin splints

Ankle sprains

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56
Q

Describe the symptoms + causes of Achilles tendon rupture

A

Symptoms = sudden onset of sharp pain in heel, snapping sound, difficulty walking

Causes = sudden dorsi flexion when muscle is in tension, sudden heavy activation of Achilles after prolonged periods of inactivity (atrophy)

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57
Q

What are shin splints?

A

Small tears/ inflammation of muscles attaching to tibia

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58
Q

What do ankle sprains less commonly occur by?

A

Via eversion - anatomy means excessive eversion normally results in a different outcome

  • once a sprain has occurred, the chance of re-injury increases by roughly 50%
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59
Q

What are the 3 articulating bones and 2 joints of the knee?

A

Bones = tibia, femur, patella

Joints = tibiofemoral joint, patellofemoral joint

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60
Q

What are the 4 ligaments of the knee?

A
  1. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  2. Posterior cruciate ligament (PLC)
  3. Lateral collateral ligament - lateral condyle of femur to head of fibula
  4. Medial collateral ligament - medial condyle of femur to tibia
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61
Q

What is the medial collateral ligament continuous with?

A

Medial meniscus

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62
Q

What are the menisci?

A

A shock absorbing pad

  • allows pockets for head of femur to articulate with
  • creates stability + lubrication
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63
Q

What type of bone is the patella and where is it?

A

Sesamoid bone

  • embedded in the quadriceps and patella tendon
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64
Q

What’s the functions of the patella?

A
  1. Protects anterior knee structure from trauma
  2. Acts as a lever - increase lever arm of quads
  3. Provides bony protection
  4. In high loading impact (squat) - patella dissipates load to reduce tension on tendons by increasing distance from axis of rotation (increases torque of quads)
  5. 10-30% contribution from quadriceps torque (more in extension)
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65
Q

What makes up the pelvis?

A

3 sections - ischium (comes out posteriorly), ilium (upper part), pubis (anterior between the 2)

  • acetabulum = where head of femur articulates with pelvis
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66
Q

Name the different areas of the ilium

A

Iliac crest = top of ilium

ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine

AIIS = anterior inferior iliac spine

  • these act as bony landmarks + points of attachment
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67
Q

What is the ischial tuberosity?

A

A large bony prominence acting as a point of anchorage

68
Q

List the key areas of the femur

A

Head of femur = articulation point

Greater trochanter = increases torque at hip joint (increases lever arm)

Lesser trochanter = attachment point for iliopsoas muscle

Linea Aspera = line down back of femur (rough) for muscle attachment

69
Q

List the 4 main muscles that make up the quadriceps group and their origins and insertions

A
  1. Rectus Femoris - O: off AIIS and I: tibial tuberosity
  2. Vastus Medialis - O: off medial femur and I: tibial tuberosity
  3. Vastus Lateralis - O: off greater trochanter + lateral side of linea aspera and I: tibial tuberosity
  4. Vastus intermedius - O: anterior surface of femur and I: tibial tuberosity
70
Q

List the 4 main muscles that make up the hamstrings group and their origins and insertions

A
  1. Biceps Femoris - long head - O: ischial tuberosity and I: head of fibula
  2. Bicep Femoris - short head - O: linea aspera and I: head of fibula
  3. Semitendonosus - O: ischial tuberosity and I: anteromedial portion of tibia
  4. Semimembranosus - O: ischial tuberosity and I: medial condyle of femur
  • all knee flexors and hip extensors
71
Q

Apart from the key ones already mentioned, what are the knee flexors?

A

Gastrocnemius

Popliteus - O: lateral femoral condyle and sits proximal to soleus (contributes to internal rotation)

Sartorius - O: ASIS and I: anteromedial surface of tibia (+ hip abduction and external rotation)

Gracilis - O: ischium + pubis and I: anteromedial tibia (+ hip abduction + flexion + external rotation)

72
Q

When a muscle with multiple joint actions is activated it attempts to…

A

Shorten and pull insertion closer to origin

= applying equal force at the O and I, generating torque at both joints, attempting to perform all of its actions

73
Q

What are the 2 kinds of misalignments of the knee and describe them

A

Valgus = Knock knees (knees fall inwards)

Varus = bow-legged (knees fall outwards)

74
Q

What is chondromalacia patella?

A

Also called runners knee…

  • associated with mistracking of patella + damage to patella-femoral cartilage

Risk factors include - valgus knee, pronation, high patella, weak Vastus medialis

75
Q

How does an ACL rupture occur?

A

From excessive anterior tibial translation

  • during cutting / landing movements
  • relatively extended knee joint position
  • often some knee valgus
  • internal rotation of tibia
  • often very soon after ground contact
76
Q

What are the 4 joints at the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacroiliac joint - gliding joint between sacrum and ilium

Pubic symphysis - slightly moveable - contains cartilaginous pads between 2 sides of pelvis to prevent collision during impact

Acetabulofemoral joint - ball + socket - between acetabulum and femur

Lumbosacral joint - between 5th lumbar vertebrae + sacrum (last point of articulation of spine)

77
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

An opening formed by pubis and ischium

78
Q

What are the 4 main hip flexors?

A

Rectus femoris

Iliopsoas

Sartorius

Tensor fasciae latae

79
Q

Describe the origins and insertions of the 4 hip flexors

A
  1. Iliopsoas - O: iliacus portion with iliac fossa and psoas portion between T12 - L5 and sacrum and I: at lesser trochanter (top of femur)
  2. Rectus femoris - O: AIIS and I: tibial tuberosity
  3. Sartorius - O: ASIS and I: anteromedial tibia
  4. Tensor fascia latae - O: ASIS and I: iliotibial band + then down to lateral tibial condyle
80
Q

What are the main hip extensors?

A

Gluteus maximus

Hamstrings - semimembranosus, semitendonosus and bicep femoris (only long head)

81
Q

Describe the origins and insertion of the gluteus maximus

A
  1. Gluteus maximus - O: 1/4th of crest of ilium and I: oblique ridge on lateral side of greater trochanter
82
Q

Apart from hip flexion and extension, what are the other movements that can occur and which planes / axis do these occur in?

A
  1. Abduction / Adduction - frontal plane, sagittal axis
  2. Rotation - transverse plane, longitudinal axis
83
Q

What are the 5 hip adductors?

A

Adductor brevis

Adductor Magnus

Adductor longus

Pectineus

Gracilis

84
Q

List the origins and insertions of the 5 hip adductors

A
  1. Adductor brevis - O: pubis and I: linea aspera
  2. Adductor longus - O: pubis and I: linea aspera
  3. Adductor Magnus - O: pubis + ischial tuberosity and I: linea aspera + medial condyle of femur
  4. Pectineus - O: anterior pubis and I: inferior of lesser trochanter
  5. Gracilis - O: pubis and I: anteromedial tibia
85
Q

What are the main hip abductors and their origins and insertions

A

Gluteus medius - O: lateral ilium below crest and I: greater trochanter

Gluteus minimus - O: lateral ilium, below GM and I: greater trochanter

86
Q

What muscles are involved in external rotation of hip?

A

6 deep external rotators of the hip

  • piriformis
  • gemellus superior + inferior
  • obturator externus + internus
  • quadratus femoris
87
Q

What muscles cause internal rotation of hip?

A

No real primary muscle - just many contribute

  • gluteus minimus
  • gluteus medius
  • Gracilis
  • Tensor Fasciae latae
  • semitendonosus
  • semimembranosus
88
Q

Describe Lombard’s paradox?

A

Describes how we don’t get stuck during sit-stand motion…

  • Hip extension + knee extension are occurring
  • rectus femoris are agonist for knee extension, but antagonist for hip extension
  • hamstrings are agonist for hip extension but antagonists for knee extension
89
Q

How is Lombard’s Paradox overcome? - what allows us to carry out sit-stand motion

A
  • Extensor muscles at knee + hip have a greater lever arm than flexors
  • quadriceps larger muscle is activated to a greater extent than hamstrings
  • only part of quadriceps spans the hip (RF) vs all (except BF short head) of hamstrings

All means that there is a net extensor torque at knee which overcomes flexor torque produced at hip and net extensor torque at hip

90
Q

List some key injuries at the hip region

A

Femoroacetabular impingement

Iliotibial band syndrome

Hamstrings strain

91
Q

What is femoroacetabular impingement?

A

Abnormal growth / deformity of femur / acetabulum

  • caused by twisting/ pivoting movements
  • causes butting together at end of range
  • can damage cartilage of acetabulofemoral joint
  • risk factor for hip osteoarthritis
92
Q

Describe IT band syndrome

A

IT band is a fibrous reinforcement for tensor fascia latae which if tight…

  • inflammation on lateral aspect of knee
  • friction between IT band and lateral condyle of femur

Caused by running downhill, running on banked camber and common in breastroke swimmers

93
Q

What are some risk factors for hamstrings strain?

A
  1. Previous hamstring strain
  2. Fatigue
  3. Strength imbalance
  4. Poor flexibility
94
Q

What are the different regions of the spine (in order) and number of vertebrae for each?

A

Cervical - 7

Thoracic - 12

Lumbar - 5

Sacrum - 5 (fused)

Coccyx - 4 (fused)

95
Q

What changes occur as you get further down the spine?

A
  1. Vertebral body gets larger
  2. Spinal processes come down more sharply = limit extension in thoracic region
  3. Extra facet joints
96
Q

What type of joints are intervertebral joints?

A

Slightly-moveable = aphiarthrosis

97
Q

List and describe the locations of the main joints of the spine

A

Atlanto-occipital Joint – between atlas + occipital condyles of skull

Atlantoaxial joint – between atlas + axis (pivot joint to turn head left + right)

Intervertebral joint – between intervertebral discs (cartilaginous pads for shock absorption)

Lumbosacral joint – between lumbar + sacrum in pelvic girdle (position of pelvis influences posture of spine)

98
Q

Describe the key parts of the vertebrae

A
  1. Spinous process
  2. Body
  3. Vertebral foramen
  4. Transverse process
  • intervertebral foramen between vertebrae + intervertebral disc
99
Q

What is the ideal posture?

A

Ears, shoulders, greater trochanter of hip, knees and ankle all line up

  • level shoulders + pelvis
  • no excessive valgus or varus
  • not excessively pronated or supinated
  • vertical Achilles tendons
  • neutral head position
100
Q

List the 3 main deformations of the spine

A

Kyphosis

Lordosis

Scoliosis

101
Q

Explain what kyphosis is + what its caused by

A
  • forward head position
  • hyperextended cervical region
  • flexion of thoracic region
  • ear line ahead of ‘normal’ and shoulders behind

Typically caused by muscle imbalances + inflexibility (short neck flexors)

102
Q

Explain what lordosis is and what it’s caused by

A
  • hyperextended lumbar region
  • tilt of pelvis (forward) - anteriorly
  • weak rectus abdominus relative to lumbar extensors and strong quads relative to hamstrings
103
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Anatomical difference as opposed to imbalances

  • uneven shoulders + pelvis
  • top of head does not fall at midpoint of feet
  • one knee in flexed position - as pelvis is lower on one side)
  • curvature of the spine (S-shaped)
104
Q

How can a bent back during lifting be bad?

A

It compresses the vertebral discs leading to a herniated disc as everything is pushed to one side of disc

105
Q

What movements can occur at the spine?

A
  1. Lumbar flexion
  2. Lumbar extension
  3. Lumbar rotation - to left or right (where thoracic region is facing)
  4. Lumbar lateral flexion - to left or right (drop shoulders)
106
Q

What movements can occur at the pelvic girdle?

A
  1. Lumbar flexion - anterior pelvic rotation - active
  2. Lumbar extension - posterior pelvic rotation - active
  3. Anterior pelvic rotation - lumbar extension - maintain posture
  4. Posterior pelvic rotation - lumbar flexion - maintain posture
107
Q

Name the muscles associated at spine

A

Rectus abdominus

Obliques

Transverse abdominus

108
Q

What are the posterior muscles at the spine?

A

Erector spinae (extensor muscles)

  • spinalis
  • longissimus
  • iliocostalis

(All assist in flexion of spine as well)

  • quadratus lumborum
109
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of rectus abdominus + functions

A

O: crest of pubis

I: cartilage of 5th, 6th, 7th ribs + xiphoid process

Functions…
- both sides = lumbar flexion
- right side = lateral flexion to right
- left side - lateral flexion to left

110
Q

What is the role of linea alba and tendonous inscriptions?

A

Linea alba - attachment in middle of rectus abdominus (tendonous structure)

Tendonous inscriptions - divides muscle into pairs = greater control over lumbar flexion

111
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of obliques + role

A

External oblique = lumbar rotation to opposite side + lateral flexion to same side
O: lower 8 ribs off side of chest
I: anterior half of crest of ileum

Internal oblique = lumbar rotation to same side + lateral flexion to same side
O: iliac crest
I: costal cartilages of 8th, 9th, 10th ribs

112
Q

Describe origin and insertions of transverse abdominus and role

A

O: outer 3rd of inguinal ligament + inner rim of iliac crest

I: crest of pubis

Functions in forced expiration by pulling abdominal wall inward (maintaining abdominal pressure)
- maintains a stable and balanced abdomen during exercise

113
Q

Describe the origin + insertion of quadratus lumborum + functions

A

O: posterior inner lip of iliac crest

I: 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae 1- 4

  • assist in stabilisation off pelvis + lumbar spine
  • core stability
  • posture
114
Q

What is core stability + how does it help?

A

The ability of muscles of abdomen, particularly deeper postural muscles, to maintain a stable and balanced abdomen + pelvis

  • aids performance - solid base for forceful movement of limbs
  • being unstable = injury risk due to unwanted movements of pelvis + lumbar spine
  • reduces load on spine
115
Q

What are the risk factors for low back pain?

A
  1. Poor posture
  2. Muscle imbalance
  3. Poor core stability
116
Q

What are the key structures involved in the shoulder girdle?

A
  • Scapula
  • clavicle
  • humerus
  • manubrium of sternum
117
Q

Describe the articulation of the acromioclavicular joint and what this allows…

A

Articulate is between the acromion process of scapula and the outer end of clavicle

  • this allows for greater freedom of movement between the shoulder girdle and shoulder
118
Q

Describe the sternoclavicular joint - type, movements etc

A

It’s the only bony connection between the upper appendicular skeleton and axial skeleton

  • saddle joint - multiaxial

The movement of the clavicle relative to the sternum in shoulder girdle allows add/abduction and elevation / depression

119
Q

Outline the anatomy of the scapula - 6 key areas

A
  1. Coracoid process
  2. Acromion process
  3. Glenoid fossa (articulation for glenohumeral joint)
  4. Inferior angle
  5. Scapula spine
  6. Superior angle
120
Q

Outline the 6 movements of the shoulder girdle + simply explain

A
  1. Elevation + depression - hunching / pushing shoulders down
  2. Abduction and adduction - moving scapula away from / towards midline
  3. Upward / downward rotation - inferior angle is moving away / toward midline
121
Q

Attached to the scapula are 2 groups of muscles involved in movement - what are these groups and outline the muscles within them

A

Posterior muscles - trapezius, rhomboid, lavator scapulae

Anterior muscles - pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

122
Q

What muscles makeup the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor + subscapularis

123
Q

What are the 3 regions of the trapezius?

A

Upper fibres

Middle fibres

Lower fibres

124
Q

Describe the origins and insertions of the 3 regions of trapezius as well as movements they produce

A

Upper: originate off occipital bone and inserts onto lateral 3rd of clavicle (adduction, elevation)

Middle - originate from C7 to T3 and insert across whole of superior border of scapula spine (adduction)

Lower - originate from T4 to T12 and insert onto triangular space at base of spine of scapula (adduction, depression, downward rotation)

125
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the rhomboid + movements

A

Originates from spinous processes of C7 to T5 and inserts onto medial border of scapula

  • elevation, adduction, downward rotation
126
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the lavator scapulae + movements

A

Originates from C1 to C4 and inserts onto point above base of spine of scapula

  • elevation, adduction, downward rotation
127
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the Pectoralis minor + movements

A

Originates off anterior surface of ribs 3-5 and inserts onto coracoid process of scapula

  • abduction, depression, downward rotation
128
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the serratus anterior + movements

A

Originates from upper nine ribs and inserts onto anterior and medial aspect of scapula

  • adduction, upward rotation
129
Q

What is the role of the nuchal ligament + describe origin / insertion

A

Originates from occipital pertuberance and inserts onto spinous process of C7

  • supports weight of head
  • point of attachment for some muscles
130
Q

Describe an injury to the clavicle

A

Fractured Clavicle

  • most commonly fractured bone in body
  • most caused by a direct impact to shoulder

Fracture usually occurs in the middle or towards lateral third

131
Q

What’s a the treatment for a fractured clavicle?

A
  • rest and minimal movement - use sling
  • typically takes 12 weeks to return to full activity
  • surgery unusual unless a comminuted fracture
132
Q

Describe the articulation of the glenohumeral joint

A

Between the humeral head and glenoid fossa (depression in part of scapula)

133
Q

List key anatomical landmarks on the superior portion of humerus

A

Greater tubercule

Lesser tubercule

Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)

Deltoid tuberosity - point of insertion for deltoid muscle

134
Q

Explain the discussion between mobility vs stability for the shoulder

A

Shoulder has a high range of movements

  • Rotation can occur in all anatomical planes and axes - maximises MOBILITY but sacrifices STABILITY

Labrum and fibrosis joint capsule ADD stability as well as rotator cuff tendons and glenohumeral ligaments

135
Q

What are the movements that can occur at the shoulder?

A
  1. Backward extension and forward flexion
  2. Abduction and adduction
  3. Horizontal abduction and adduction
  4. Inward rotation and outward rotation (sideways and up/down)
136
Q

What are the superficial and deep muscles of the shoulder joint

A

Superficial:

  • anterior - pectoralis major
  • latissimus dorsi + teres major
  • deltoid
  • biarticular brachial muscles - biceps and triceps brachii

Deep:

  • rotator cuff - supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor + subscapularis
137
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of latissimus dorsi

A

Originates off sacrum, posterior part of iliac crest and T6 - L5 and inserts onto medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Actions: adduction, horizontal abduction, extension and internal rotation

138
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of pectoralis major

A

Originates off medial half of clavicle and anterior surfaces of costal cartilages and inserts via a flat tendon to outer lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Actions: adduction, horizontal adduction, internal rotation

139
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of teres major

A

Originates off inferior third of lateral wall of scapula and inserts onto medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Actions: adduction, horizontal abduction , extension and internal rotation

140
Q

What is different about the deltoid muscle?

A

It consists of 3 portions - anterior, middle and posterior

141
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of anterior deltoid

A

Originates off lateral part of clavicle and inserts onto deltoid tuberosity

Actions: abduction, flexion + horizontal adduction

142
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of middle deltoid

A

Originates off acromion process and inserts onto deltoid tuberosity

Actions: abduction (greatest for it)

143
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of posterior deltoid

A

Originates off spine of scapula and inserts onto deltoid tuberosity

Actions: abduction, extension, horizontal abduction

144
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of subscapularis

A

Originates at front of scapula and inserts onto lesser tubercule of humerus

Actions: internal rotation

145
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of supraspinatus

A

Originates above spine of scapula and inserts onto head of humerus

Actions: external rotation + weak abduction

146
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of infraspinatus

A

Originates below spine of scapula and inserts onto head of humerus

Actions: external rotation

147
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of teres minor

A

Originates off lateral border of scapula and inserts onto head of humerus

Actions: external rotation

148
Q

What are some key injuries of shoulder?

A

Susceptible to damage from rapid/ ballistic overhead activities

  1. Muscle / tendon strain - occasional rupture due to excessive forces
  2. Impingement - due to compression of supraspinatus in subacromial space
    - risk factors include… small subacromial space, hypertrophy of supraspinatus, shoulder joint laxity
149
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of triceps brachii

A

2 heads - only long head acts in shoulder joint

Long head originates off infraglenoid tubercule of scapula and inserts onto olecranon process of ulna

Actions: extension, adduction, horizontal abduction

150
Q

Describe the origin and insertion + muscle movements of biceps brachii

A

Long head originates off supraglenoid tubercule of scapula and inserts onto radial tuberosity

Short head originates off coracoid process of scapula and inserts onto radial tuberosity

Actions: weak shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction

151
Q

What causes shoulder dislocation?

A

Caused by excessive abduction and external rotation and impact forcing the humeral head forwards

152
Q

What are the joints of the upper limbs?

A
  1. Shoulder
  2. Elbow
  3. Radioulna joints
  4. Wrist
  5. Carpo-metacarpal
  6. Metacarpophalangeal
  7. Interphalangeal
153
Q

What movements can occur at the proximal radioulna joint?

A

Pronation - turning palm to face down

Supination - anatomical position

  • angular ligament allows radius to be rotated over ulna
154
Q

Where does the biceps brachii originate and insert? What movements can occur?

A
  1. Long head = originates off supraglenoid tubercule of scapula and inserts onto radial tuberosity
  2. Short head = originates off coracoid process of scapula and inserts onto radial tuberosity
  • flexion of elbow, weak shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction at shoulder
155
Q

Where does the brachialis originate and insert. What movements?

A
  • Originates a off distal half of anterior portion of humerus
  • inserts onto coronoid process of ulna

Allows flexion at elbow

156
Q

Where does the Brachioradialis originate and insert. What movements?

A
  • originates off distal 2/3rds of lateral condyloid ridge of humerus
  • inserts onto radius at styloid process

Permits flexion at elbow, pronation and supination

157
Q

Where does the Pronator teres originate and insert? What movements?

A
  • originates off medial condyloid ridge of humerus and medial side of proximal ulna
  • inserts onto middle third of radius

Pronation and weak flexion of elbow

158
Q

Where does the Pronator quadratus originate and insert? What movements?

A
  • originates off distal fourth of radius
  • inserts onto distal fourth of ulna

Allows pronation

159
Q

Where does the triceps brachii long head originate and insert and what movements?

A
  • originates off infraglenoid tubercule of scapula
  • inserts onto olecranon process of ulna

Permits elbow extension, shoulder extension, adduction and horizontal abduction

160
Q

Where does the anconeus originate and inserts. What movements?

A
  • originates off posterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • inserts onto posterior surface of upper ulna and olecranon

Allows extension

161
Q

Where does the supinator originate and insert?

A
  • originates off lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • inserts onto lateral surface of proximal radius

Carries out supination

162
Q

What are the key joints of the wrist?

A
  1. Condyloid joints between radius and scaphoid + lunate
  2. Carpometacarpal of thumb - saddle joint
163
Q

List the 7 wrist flexors + the general origin and insertion of these

A
  1. Flexor carpi radialis
  2. Flexor carpi ulnaris
  3. Pulmoris longus
  4. Flexor digitorum superfacialis
  5. Brachioradialis
  6. Flexor digitorum fundus
  7. Flexor pollices longus

All originate anteromedially at forearm and insert anterior at hand

164
Q

And are the 5 wrist extensors + their general origins and insertions?

A
  1. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  2. Extensor carpi radialis longus
  3. Extensor digiti minimi
  4. Extensor digitorum
  5. Extensor carpi ulnaris

All originate posterolaterally at forearm and insert posteriorly at hand

165
Q

What are some key injuries of the elbow / wrist?

A

Tennis elbow

Carpal tunnel syndrome

166
Q

Ex[lain what tennis elbow is

A

An overuse injury of wrist extensors / supinators where they attach to the lateral epicondyle of humerus

  • likely caused by repetitive wrist extension and supination particularly if eccentric muscle actions are involved
167
Q

Explain what carpal tunnel syndrome is

A

Overuse injury and common form of repetitive strain injury

Symptoms = numbness, tingling and decreased sensation in hand
Causes = repetitive and forceful gripping = tendon inflammation within carpal tunnel = compresses the median nerve to the hand

Sport Science Y1S2 (3 decks)

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