structural heart defects Flashcards
define congenital heart disease
A general term for a range of birth defects that affect the normal way the heart works.
-Vary from minor to incompatible with life ex-utero
-Many lesions used to have very poor prognosis
describe the physiology of congenital heart disease
-The stenosis of the RV outflow leads to the RV being at a higher pressure than the left
-There blue blood passes from the RV to the LV
-The patients are blue
name 7 structural heart defects
-Ventricular septal defect
-Atrio-ventricular septal defects
-Patent ductus arteriosus
-Coarctaction of the aorta
-Bicuspid aortic valve and aortopathy
-Pulmonary stenosis
-Eisenmenger syndrome (any untreated congenital cardiac defect with intracardiac communication that leads to pulmonary hypertension, cyanosis, reversal of flow).
what is the Tetralogy of Fallot
- ventricular septal defect
- pulmonary stenosis
- hypertrophy of Rt ventricle
- overriding aorta
describe the physiology of tetralogy of fallot
-The stenosis of the RV outflow leads to the RV being at higher pressure than the left
-Therefore blue blood passes from the RV to the LV
-The patients are BLUE
describe what ventricular septal defects are
-Abnormal connection between the two ventricles
-Many close spontaneously during childhood
describe the physiology of ventricular septal defects
-High pressure LV
-Low pressure RV
-Blood flows from high pressure chamber to low pressure chamber
-Therefore NOT blue
-Increased blood flow through the lungs
what are the symptoms of ventricular septal defects?
- very high pulmonary blood flow in infancy
- breathless
- poor feeding
- failure to thrive
what are the clinical signs of ventricular septal defects?
- small, breathless, skinny baby
- increased respiratory rate
- tachycardia
- big heart on chest x- ray
- murmur varies in intensity
what is Eisenmengers syndrome
- high pressure pulmonary blood flow
- damages to delicate pulmonary vasculature
- the resistance to blood flow through the lungs increases
- the RV pressure increases
- the shunt direction reverses
-the patient becomes blue
( untreated tetralogy of fallot may result in eisenmengers syndrome )
define atrial septal defects ASD
an abnormal connection between the two atria
describe the physiology of ASD
-slightly higher pressure in the LA than the RA
- shunt is left to right ( therefore not blue)
- increased flow into right heart and lungs
what are the symptoms of ASDs?
- significant increased flow though the right heart and lungs in childhood
- right heart dilation
- shortness of breath on exertion
- increased chest infections
what are the clinical signs of ASDs?
- pulmonary flow murmur
- fixed split second heart sound- delayed closure of PV because more blood has to get out0
- big pulmonary arteries on CXR
- big heart on chest x ray
describe atrio-ventricular septal defects- AVSD
-a hole in the very centre of the heart
- involves the ventricular septum, atrial septum, mitral and tricuspid valves
- can be complete or partial