Cardiovascular pathology Flashcards
what are the two types of cardiac myotcytes?
- Atrio-ventricular conduction system – slightly faster conduction
- General cardiac myocyte
what is the normal systolic ejection fraction ?
60-65%
what is cardiac failure- simple definition ?
Failure to transport blood out of heart
what happens when your heart severely fails?
cardiogenic shock
what happens if you exceed stretch capability of sarcomeres?
cardiac contraction force dimities
what triggers the hypertrophic response?
- Angiotensin 2
- ET-1 and insulin like growth factor 1
- TGF- beta
what is left sided cardiac failure?
pulmonary congestion - the heart is not able to pump efficiently so blood backs up in the veins that take blood through the lungs the pressure in these vessels increases and the fluid is pushed into the alveoli
and then overload of right side
what is right sided cardiac failure?
venous hypertension- high pressure in the veins of the legs, caused by venous insufficiency where blood leaks downwards due to the effect of gravity through leaky valves
and congestion
what is diastolic cardiac failure?
stiffer heart ( left ventricle)
a stiffer heart = left ventricle can’t fill properly with blood during the diastolic phase
reducing the amount of blood pumped out of the body
define congenital heart disease
a general term for a range of birth defects that affect the normal way the heart works.
what is a left- right cardiac shunt?
a pattern of blood flow in the heart that deviates from the normal circuit of the circulatory system
what is a cardiac shunt normally the result of?
- ventricular septal defect
- atrial septal defect
- persistent ductus arteriosus - a truncus arteriosus
what is a truncus arteriosus?
(a single blood vessel comes out of the right and left ventricles
what is anomalous pulmonary venous drainage?
(blood flow from a few of the pulmonary veins return to the right atrium instead of the left atrium – some pulmonary venous flow enters the systemic venous circulation)
what is hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
(left side of the heart does not form correctly – underdeveloped left ventricle)
what is a right- left cardiac shunt a result of?
tetralogy of fallot
tricuspid atresia- absence of tricuspid valves
name 7 defects that result in no shunt
- complete transposition of great vessels
- coarctation
- pulmonary stenosis
- aortic stenosis
- coronary artery origin from pulmonary artery
- Epstein malformation/ anomaly
- endocardial fribroelastosis
describe a Complete transposition of great vessels
(an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels)
Coarctation
congenital narrowing of a short section of the aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
narrowing at a point from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery causing obstruction of blood flow
Aortic stenosis
narrowing of the aortic valve opening restricting blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
Ebstein malformation/anomaly
faulty tricuspid valve
Endocardial fibroelastosis
thickening within the muscular lining of the heart chambers due to an increase in the amount of supporting connective tissue, leading to cardiac hypertrophy).
what is eisenmengers complex?
right- left shunting
associated with right side cardiac failure and right side cardiac hypertrophy
what is a patent foramen ovale?
A condition that occurs when the foramen ovale present before birth fails to close.
what does patent foramen ovale eventually produce?
It eventually produces cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac failure.
what is there a risk for in patent Foramen ovale?
a risk of infective endocarditis.
