Cardiovascular pathology

Question 1

what are the two types of cardiac myotcytes?

Answer 1

1. Atrio-ventricular conduction system – slightly faster conduction
2. General cardiac myocyte

Question 2

what is the normal systolic ejection fraction ?

Answer 2

60-65%

Question 3

what is cardiac failure- simple definition ?

Answer 3

Failure to transport blood out of heart

Question 4

what happens when your heart severely fails?

Answer 4

cardiogenic shock

Question 5

what happens if you exceed stretch capability of sarcomeres?

Answer 5

cardiac contraction force dimities

Question 6

what triggers the hypertrophic response?

Answer 6

• Angiotensin 2
• ET-1 and insulin like growth factor 1
• TGF- beta

Question 7

what is left sided cardiac failure?

Answer 7

pulmonary congestion - the heart is not able to pump efficiently so blood backs up in the veins that take blood through the lungs the pressure in these vessels increases and the fluid is pushed into the alveoli

and then overload of right side

Question 8

what is right sided cardiac failure?

Answer 8

venous hypertension- high pressure in the veins of the legs, caused by venous insufficiency where blood leaks downwards due to the effect of gravity through leaky valves

and congestion

Question 9

what is diastolic cardiac failure?

Answer 9

stiffer heart ( left ventricle)
a stiffer heart = left ventricle can’t fill properly with blood during the diastolic phase
reducing the amount of blood pumped out of the body

Question 10

define congenital heart disease

Answer 10

a general term for a range of birth defects that affect the normal way the heart works.

Question 11

what is a left- right cardiac shunt?

Answer 11

a pattern of blood flow in the heart that deviates from the normal circuit of the circulatory system

Question 12

what is a cardiac shunt normally the result of?

Answer 12

• ventricular septal defect
• atrial septal defect
• persistent ductus arteriosus - a truncus arteriosus

Question 13

what is a truncus arteriosus?

Answer 13

(a single blood vessel comes out of the right and left ventricles

Question 14

what is anomalous pulmonary venous drainage?

Answer 14

(blood flow from a few of the pulmonary veins return to the right atrium instead of the left atrium – some pulmonary venous flow enters the systemic venous circulation)

Question 15

what is hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

Answer 15

(left side of the heart does not form correctly – underdeveloped left ventricle)

Question 16

what is a right- left cardiac shunt a result of?

Answer 16

tetralogy of fallot
tricuspid atresia- absence of tricuspid valves

Question 17

name 7 defects that result in no shunt

Answer 17

• complete transposition of great vessels
• coarctation
• pulmonary stenosis
• aortic stenosis
• coronary artery origin from pulmonary artery
• Epstein malformation/ anomaly
• endocardial fribroelastosis

Question 18

describe a Complete transposition of great vessels

Answer 18

(an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels)

Question 19

Coarctation

Answer 19

congenital narrowing of a short section of the aorta

Question 20

Pulmonary stenosis

Answer 20

narrowing at a point from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery causing obstruction of blood flow

Question 21

Aortic stenosis

Answer 21

narrowing of the aortic valve opening restricting blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta

Question 22

Ebstein malformation/anomaly

Answer 22

faulty tricuspid valve

Question 23

Endocardial fibroelastosis

Answer 23

thickening within the muscular lining of the heart chambers due to an increase in the amount of supporting connective tissue, leading to cardiac hypertrophy).

Question 24

what is eisenmengers complex?

Answer 24

right- left shunting
associated with right side cardiac failure and right side cardiac hypertrophy

Question 25

what is a patent foramen ovale?

Answer 25

A condition that occurs when the foramen ovale present before birth fails to close.

Question 26

what does patent foramen ovale eventually produce?

Answer 26

It eventually produces cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac failure.

Question 27

what is there a risk for in patent Foramen ovale?

Answer 27

a risk of infective endocarditis.