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Geology Board Exam day 1 > Structural geology > Flashcards

Structural geology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the origin, geometry, and kinematics of the formation of structures.

A

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

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2
Q

A continuous deformation that produces specific kinds of folds, ductile faults, cleavages, and foliation.

A

Ductile Deformation

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3
Q

A discontinuous deformation that produces specific kinds of folds, brittle faults, and joints.

A

Brittle Deformation

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4
Q

A rock mass in which the original position is questionable with respect to the adjacent terrane or continent to which it is presently attached.

A

Suspect Terrane

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5
Q

Bears no resemblance to the mass to which it is attached, where the source may be the opposite side of a major
ocean.

A

Exotic Terrane

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6
Q

A distinct crustal block transported by tectonic processes.

A

Terrane

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7
Q

The shape of the surface topography.

A

Terrain

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8
Q

The opening and closing cycle of an ocean.

A

Wilson Cycle

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9
Q

A rule that states that micro- or small structures are keys to mimic the styles and orientations of macro- or larger structures of the same generation within a particular area.

A

Pumpelly’s Rule

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10
Q

Structures that occur pervasively throughout the rock mass (e.g., cleavage, foliation, and certain folds).

A

Penetrative Structures

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11
Q

Structures that occur as single features (e.g., a single fault or an isolated fold)

A

Non-penetrative Structures

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12
Q

The state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth’s crust and mantle, such that the crust “floats” at a certain elevation that depends on factors such as thickness and density.

A

ISOSTASY

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13
Q

A hypothesis, developed by John Henry Pratt, that states that the Earth’s crust has a uniform thickness below sea level with its base everywhere supporting a density at a depth of compensation.

A

Pratt’s Hypothesis

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14
Q

Megascopic rock masses of the Earth’s crust with lesser density, such as mountain ranges, project higher elevations above sea level compared to those with greater density.

A

Pratt’s Hypothesis

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15
Q

A hypothesis, developed by Sir George Biddell Airy, which proposes that the Earth’s crust is a more rigid shell floating on a more liquid substratum of greater density.

A

Airy’s Hypothesis

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16
Q

The theory assumes that the crust has a uniform density throughout, but do not have a uniform thickness of crustal layer.

A

Airy’s Hypothesis

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17
Q

The hypothesis is said to be supported by the notion that mountains resulted from the upward expansion of locally heated crustal material, which had a larger volume but a lower density after it had cooled.

A

Pratt’s Hypothesis

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18
Q

Force applied to a material that tends to change the material’s dimension.

A

STRESS

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19
Q

The type of stress that tends to pull a body mass apart.

A

Tensional Stress

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20
Q

The type of stress that squeezes a body mass.

A

Compressional Stress

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21
Q

Stress that acts perpendicular to a reference surface.

A

Normal Stress

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22
Q

Stress that acts parallel to a reference surface.

A

Shear Stress

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23
Q

Stress vectors oriented along the principal stress directions, defined as sigma1 > sigma2 > sigma3.

A

Principal Stress

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24
Q

the non-hydrostatic stress or difference between the maximum and minimum principal stress (sigma1 > sigma2), being the diameter of the Mohr Circle.

A

Differential Stress

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25
Q

also known as Deviatoric stress

A

Differential Stress

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26
Q

The force applied perpendicular to a surface of an object per unit area where the force is distributed.

A

Pressure

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27
Q

The pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity. This is a state of isotropic state of stress, where pressure is equal throughout, defined as 01 = 02 = 03.

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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28
Q

The pressure applied by the weight of an overlying material and burial depth.

A

Lithostatic pressure

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29
Q

A component of deformation where every particle of a rock is moved in the same direction and distance, with its displacement field consisting of parallel M vectors of equal length.

A

Translation

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30
Q

A component of deformation where it is taken le as a rigid rotation that involves physical rotation of a rock bvolume relative to an external coordinate system.

A

Rotation

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31
Q

Any change in shape of the deformed rock volume

A

STRAIN

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32
Q

The difference between the position, shape and orientation of an object before and after the deformation.

A

Deformation

33
Q

The ratio of the length of a rock mass before its deformation from its deformed state

A

Elongation

34
Q

Stretching of a rock mass in one-dimension due to strain

A

Stretch

35
Q

An equation associated with the Mohr Circle for strain

A

Quadratic Elongation

36
Q

ONE-DIMENSIONAL STRAIN

A

Elongation , Stretch, Quadratic Elongation

37
Q

TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRAIN

A

Angular Shear, Shear Strain

38
Q

The change in angle between two originally perpendicular lines in a deformed medium.

A

Angular Shear

39
Q

A dimensionless parameter that develops when differential movement occurs along a set of parallel lines

A

Shear Strain

40
Q

a type of strain with three-dimensional change, where it is a ratio of values with the same units, hence, a dimensionless. Positive A represent volume gain, whereas negative A represent volume loss.

A

Volume Change

41
Q

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRAIN

A

Volume Change

42
Q

A type of strain, that is a perfect coaxial deformation, that involves no internal rotation.

A

Pure SHear

43
Q

A combination of Pure and Simple Shear.

A

Subsimple Shear

44
Q

A combination of Simple Shear and Rigid rotation

A

Supersimple Shear

45
Q

Deformed features in rock mass, where the original shape can be qualitatively compared to its presently deformed shape.

A

STRAIN MARKERS

46
Q

Small, mostly sphorical features in fine grained sediments, where the red to brownish oxidized sediment has been chemically
reduced to a greenish color.

A

Reduction spots

47
Q

Among the most frequently used strain markers to indicate directions of the strain.

A

Pebbles

48
Q

Preserved ancient lifeforms used in determining finite strain.

A

Fossils

49
Q

Gas bubbles in volcanic rocks used in determining finite strain.

A

Vesicles

50
Q

A graphical diagram that describes the shape of the strain ellipsoid by plotting the axial ratios X/Y and Y/Z as coordinates.

A

Flinn Diagram

51
Q

A geometric construction for finding strain in two dimensions, typically demonstrated on fossils with orthogonal lines of symmetry in the undeformed state.

A

Wellman’s Method

52
Q

A method to determine the deformation of a rock mass that utilizes the systematic shape changes that occur in deformed ellipsoidal objects.

A

Rf/θ method

53
Q

Uses the analysis of the distances between the centers of objects that are systematically related to the orientation of the finite strain ellipsoid.

A

Center-to-center Method

54
Q

A simpler version of the center-to-center method, where it is done by manually tracing an overlay of coordinate origin per ellipsoid and a pair of reference axes on top of the sketch or photo of the section.

A

Fry Method

55
Q

The study of the ability of stressed solid materials, as well as fluids and gases, to flow or deform due to strain rate, elasticity, and viscosity.

A

RHEOLOGY

56
Q

Materials that have properties that are the same throughout any sample size.

A

Homogenous Materials

57
Q

Materials that have properties that varies with location for either within a hand specimen, or on a regional scale, which leads to a scale- dependent rock behavior.

A

Heterogenous Material

58
Q

Materials that have the same properties in all directions.

A

Isotropic Materials

59
Q

Materials that have properties that vary with direction.

A

Anisotropic materials -

60
Q

___________ are strongly anisotropic to stress, but the degree of expression of the anisotropy depends on the direction in which the stress is oriented.

A

Layered materials

61
Q

Non-permanent or recoverable, instantaneous strain.

A

Elastic

62
Q

Permanent or non-recoverable strain, where deformation involves breaking of atomic bonds without losing material coherency.

A

Plastic

63
Q

Permanent strain that accumulates with time, where the strain rate-stress relationship is linear.

A

Viscous

64
Q

The reciprocal or opposite of viscosity.

A

Fluidity

65
Q

Elastic modulus, is an equation that measures the stiffness, or stretchability, of a material, defined as the ratio of stress (a) over strain (ε)

A

Young’s Modulus

66
Q

Rigidity modulus, is closely related to Young’s modulus, is the elasticity coefficient for shearing or torsion force, being the equation that measures that rigidity of a material. Defined as the ratio of shear stress (0s) and shear strain (A):

A

Shear Modulus

67
Q

The equation that relates the pressure change, AP, to volume change when pressure changes cause elastic deformation rather than directed force, calculating its compressibility

A

Bulk Modulus

68
Q

An equation that expresses the relationship between volume change and stress, where the ratio of the proportional decrease in lateral measurement to the proportional increase in length in a sample material that is elastically stretched.

A

Poisson’s Ratio

69
Q

A type of rock material behavior describing the fluid-like behavior of rocks, hence, creates irreversible and permanent strain, and shows the relationship as the viscosity (1) between stress (a) and strain rate (7”), defined

A

VISCOUS BEHAVIOR

70
Q

Stationary fluids that does not transmit shear stress.

A

Perfect Fluids

71
Q

The ideal type of viscous behavior, described as a linear viscous behavior, where “linear” is used to emphasize a distinction from nonlinear viscous behavior, having a linearly proportional relationship between differential stress and shear strain rate.

A

Newtonian Fluids

72
Q

BEHAVIOR A type of rock material behavior describing permanent change in shape or size of a body without fracture, accumulated over time by a sustained stress beyond the elastic limit, or yield point, of the material.

A

PLASTIC (SAINT-VENANT) BEHAVIOR

73
Q

A perfect plastic material is one where the stress cannot rise above the yield stress and strain can continue to be accumulated forever without any change in the stress level.

A

PLASTIC (SAINT-VENANT) BEHAVIOR

74
Q

Occurs when the rock becomes stronger or harder to deform when the stress necessary to deform the rock increases as the strain increases.

A

Strain hardening

75
Q

Occurs when less stress is required to keep the deformation going.

A

Strain softening

76
Q

A combination of elastic and viscous behavior where elastoviscous materials accumulate strain from the moment a stress is applied, initially behaving elastically before gradually behaving in a viscous manner.


A

ELASTOVISCOUS (MAXWELL) BEHAVIOR

77
Q

A combination of viscous and plastic behavior where viscoplastic materials flow as perfectly viscous materials, but only above a certain yield stress, a characteristic of plastic behavior.

A

VISCOPLASTIC (BINGHAM) BEHAVIOR

78
Q

A combination of elastic and plastic behavior where stress and elastic strain acting on a material increase until the yield point is reached, beyond which the deformation is plastic.

A

ELASTIC-PLASTIC (PRANDTL) BEHAVIOR

Geology Board Exam day 1 (9 decks)

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