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Geology Board Exam day 1 > Histo And Paleo > Flashcards

Histo And Paleo Flashcards

1
Q

deals with the relative time relations and ages of rock bodies

A

Chronostratigraphy

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2
Q

the science of datig and determing the time sequence of events in the history of the earth

A

Geochronology

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3
Q

Absolute dating

A

method of quantifying the APPROXIMATE AGE of rocks and minerals in years through radiometric dating

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4
Q

time it takes for half of the radioactive parent to decay to its daughters product

A

Half life

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5
Q

method of sequencing rock and events based on their positions, with younger rocks being on the top of the older rocks.

A

Relative dating

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6
Q

developed using relative dating, it is a chart devising the events and evolution of the earth into divisions

A

Geologic time scale

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7
Q

Consists of group of Eras (geochrinologic)/Earthems (chronostratigraphic) with collectively known as pre cambrian

A

Eon/ Eonothem

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8
Q

Consist of group of period/system and composed of three eras with each being major development of life on earth

A

Era/ Erathem

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9
Q

Consist of group of Epoch/series with boundaries being defined by boundary stratotypes

A

Period/System

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10
Q

Con sist of group of Ages/systems, defined by boundary stratotypes, with the new ones being derived from geographic feature in the vicinity of its strtotype or type area.

A

Epoch/ series

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11
Q

Take note about Epoch/Series:

A

their names are either being associated to their positions, lower, middle upper or time of deposition with respect to their corresponding Periods, late or early

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12
Q

smallest or basic unit of geochronology/chronostratigraphy, defined by boundary-stratotype and is suited in scope and rank to the practical needs and purposes of intraregional chronostratigraphic classification.

A

Age/Stage

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13
Q

name is derived from a geographic feature in the vicinity of its stratotype

A

Age/Stage

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14
Q

reference points or markers, since 1977, on stratigraphic sections of rocks which define the lower boundaries of stages on the GTS

A

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points

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15
Q

Rules by the international Commission on Stratigraphy

A

refer to printed paper

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16
Q

a proposed mechanism of evolution where the species today evolve due to natural selection of traits that helped the evolve and adoptthrough different environment, therefore producing new species through the process

A

Natural Selection

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17
Q

Natural selection is based on?

A
  1. Any given species produce more offspring than can survive
  2. Variation exist among offspring
    3/ the offspring must compete with one another for food and habitat
  3. Offspring with the most favorable characteristics are more likely to survive to reproduce
  4. Beneficial traits is passed on to the next generation generation
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18
Q

Evidences of evolution

A
  1. fossils provide direct evidence for changes in life in rocks of different ages
  2. Certain organs or structure are present in a variety of species, but they are modified to function differently. difference in structure can help an organism be more competitive
  3. Modern organisms contain vestigial organs that appear to have little or no use
  4. Animals that are very different, had similar looking-embryos
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19
Q

Remains or traces of prehistoric life. they can tell us much about the history of Earth and life

A

Fossils

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20
Q

4 types of unconformities

A

Angular unconformity
nonconformity
disconformity
Paraconformity

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21
Q

type of unconformity where tilted rock beds are overlain by flat-lying rocks

A

Angular unconformity

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22
Q

Metamorphic or igneous rocks that are in contact with sedimentary strata

A

nonconformity

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23
Q

Strata on either side of unconformity, commonly cut by an erosional surface, are parallel

A

disconformity

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24
Q

A type of unconformity where strata are parallel and the contact is a simple bedding plane but can be recognized on the gap in the rock record

A

Paraconformity

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25
Q

A short period of interruption in sedimentation with little to no erosion, present as gaps in the rock records in unconformities

A

Diastem

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26
Q

A longer period of nondeposition or manifestation of erosional surfaces

A

Hiatus

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27
Q

study of all ancient life form, their interactions and their evolution

A

PALEONTOLOGY

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28
Q

Favorable Conditions for Fossilization

A
  1. at least 10,000 years old
  2. contains hard parts like bones, nails or exoskeletons for preservation
  3. Rapid burial under finer rather than coarser sediments and undisturbed conditions of sedimentation for a longer period.
  4. Presence of highly mineralized groundwater
  5. Anoxic environment, where there are calm waters and environment
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29
Q

major types of fossils

A

Body fossils, Trace fossils

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30
Q

type of fossils for hard parts such as skeletal parts and shells

A

Body Fossils

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31
Q

trace fossils are also known as

A

Ichnofossils

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32
Q

type of fossils for ancient activities such as tracks, grazes and houses

A

Trace fossils

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33
Q

study of ichnofossils or trace fossils

A

Ichnology

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34
Q

resting traces

A

Cubichnia

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35
Q

Feeding traces

A

Fodichnia

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36
Q

Grazing Traces

A

Passichnia

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37
Q

Crawling tracks and trails

A

Repichnia

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38
Q

Dwelling structure burrows

A

Domichnia

39
Q

Boring vs burrows

A

Boring is made in hard substrate; Burrows- made in soft sediments

40
Q

Fossils that were eroded out of the original rock it was incorporated in that become incorporated into younger rock deposits

A

Reworked Fossils

41
Q

fossils used in identifying specific time-rockunit and in correlation

A

Index fossils

42
Q

characteristic of an index fossil

A

abundant, widely distributed, short geologic range

43
Q

MODES OF PRESERVATION OF FOSSILS

A

Permineralization,
Replacement,
Carbonization
Mold and Cast
Freezing
Mummification
Amber Preservation
Tar Preservation

44
Q

Occurs when water that contain dissolved silica (silicification), calcium carbonate (calcification), or iron (pyritization) circulates through the sediment that encloses a deceased organism, depositing in the organism’s remains, preserving the impression of the organism in a harder material.

A

Permineralization,

45
Q

The simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition.

A

Replacement,

46
Q

Occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon.

A

Carbonization

47
Q

The preservation of impressions of fossils through the creation of vacant molds in the shape of the fossil, that is subsequently filled in casts.

A

Mold and Cast

48
Q

The process of preservation through turning the materials into stone.

A

Petrification-

49
Q

The process of fossilization through freezing the organism, which was common in ice ages.

A

Freezing

50
Q

Fossilization by removal of moisture through drying or desiccation.

A

Mummification

51
Q

The fossilization of organisms when trapped in amber.

A

Amber Preservation

52
Q

Fossilization of remains when organisms are trapped in ancient tar pits.

A

Tar Preservation

53
Q

A German word for “mother lode” or “bonanza,” is a site where fossils are exceptionally preserved in high quality, sometimes being completely preserved.

A

Lagerstatten

54
Q

Konznetrat-Lagerstatten - A lagerstatten with high concentration of fossil accumulated over period of time that represent a community of organisms.

A

Konznetrat-Lagerstatten

55
Q

A lagerstatten with exceptional preservation of fossils.

A

Konzervat-Lagerstatten

56
Q

The study of the morphology and relationships of organisms.

A

TAXONOMY

57
Q

A broader science of Taxonomy and evolutionary processes.

A

Systematics

58
Q

Refers particularly to the process of naming organisms and identifying the natural hierarchy.

A

Classification

59
Q

The fundamental taxon rank in the Linnean system, which was originally defined as groups of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other groups. Consists of many highly variable individuals, often divided into geographically restricted populations and races.

A

Species

60
Q

Distinct sets of species with different characteristics that set them apart from others of the same species while still belonging in the same group of species.

A

Races

61
Q

A body of rock deposited during the time when a particular fossil organism existed.

A

BIOZONE

62
Q

The time of a fossil’s first appearance in a specific rock section.

A

First appearance datum (FAD)

63
Q

The time of a fossil’s last appearance in a specific rock section.

A

Last appearance datum (LAD)

64
Q

Types of Biozones

A

Range zone, Assemblage zone, Acme zone

65
Q

type of Range zone

A

Concurrent-range zone, Partial-range zone,Total-range zone - or local-range zone, Consecutive-range zone

66
Q

A body of rock deposited during the time when a particular fossil organism existed.

A

Range Zone

67
Q

Ranges of multiple taxa overlap within a single zone.

A

Concurrent-range zone

68
Q

FAD and LAD of multiple taxa occur within the range of another fossil range.

A

Partial-range zone

69
Q

a single taxon in a single zone.

A

Total-range zone

70
Q

Biozone is defined by the range of the lineage of one taxon.

A

Consecutive-range zone

71
Q

A biozone that consists of an assemblage or a set of several associated fossil species or genera.

A

Assemblage zone

72
Q

A type of biozone that contains an abundance of a single taxon.

A

Acme zone

73
Q

Ancient interrelationship between organisms and their environment.

A

PALEOECOLOGY

74
Q

Ancient association of several species of organisms in a particular habitat, or the living part of the ecosystem.


A

PALEOCOMMUNITY

75
Q

more commonly used to date rocks as they are more common, having been preserved in greater abundance and in better conditions compared to terrestrial fossils.

A

Marine fossils

76
Q

The water mass found above the ocean floor.

A

Pelagic Realm

77
Q

The aquatic area above the continental shelves.

A

Neritic Zone

78
Q

he aquatic area beyond the continental shelves

A

Oceanic Zone

79
Q

The marine realm covering the bottom of the sea.

A

Benthic Realm

80
Q

The area above the high tide line. e high and Littoral zone - or intertidal zone, is the area between the high and low tide lines.

A

Supratidal zone

81
Q

Also known as subtidal zone, is the continuously submerged zone, from low tide line to the edge of the continental shelf (about 200 m deep).

A

Sublittoral zone

82
Q

The environment that extends from the edge of the shelf to a depth of about 4000 m.

A

Bathyal zone

83
Q

The area beyond the bathyal zone extending to about 6000 m deep.

A

Abyssal zone

84
Q

The environment that constitutes the extreme depths in oceanic trenches.

A

Hadal zone

85
Q

The deepest point in the sea, with a depth of about 11,032 m below mean sea level.

A

Challenger’s Deep

86
Q

organisms that float, drift or swim weakly. Nektonic-Organisms that live within the water column. Benthic Organisms that are bottom dwellers.

A

Planktonic

87
Q

Benthic organisms living beneath the sediment surface. Epifaunal - Benthic organisms living on top of the sediment surface.

A

Infaunal

88
Q

A particular depth in the oceans, that range between 4,000 to 5,000 m deep, that acts as a boundary for calcareous sediment to precipitate (above) or dissolve (below).

A

CARBON COMPENSATION DEPTH (CCD)

89
Q

British Columbia, Canadian Rocky Mountains
Konzervat-Lagerstatten
Contains one of the most important faunas in the fossil record, referenced for the “Cambrian Explosion”

A

Burgess Shale

90
Q

Jurassic,
Konzervat-Lagerstatten
Bavaria, Germany
Lagerstatten where the fossil of Archaeopteryx was found

A

Solnhofen Limestone

91
Q

age: Precambrian
loc: Southern Australia
Contains soft-bodied organisms of the Ediacaran biota

A

Ediacara Hills

92
Q

age: Pennsylvanian
loc: Illinois, USA
Soft tissues are enclosed in ironstone concretions,
preserving rarely fossilized soft tissues,

A

Mazon Creek

93
Q

Eocene
Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, USA
Known for its fish fossils, but also contains a complete fossil assemblage of the “tree of life”

A

Green River Formation

94
Q

Lagerstatten
age: Pleistocene
location: California, USA

A

Rancho La Brea Tar Pits

Geology Board Exam day 1 (9 decks)

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