Histo And Paleo Flashcards by Celine Tatco

deals with the relative time relations and ages of rock bodies

Chronostratigraphy

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the science of datig and determing the time sequence of events in the history of the earth

Geochronology

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Absolute dating

method of quantifying the APPROXIMATE AGE of rocks and minerals in years through radiometric dating

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time it takes for half of the radioactive parent to decay to its daughters product

Half life

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method of sequencing rock and events based on their positions, with younger rocks being on the top of the older rocks.

Relative dating

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developed using relative dating, it is a chart devising the events and evolution of the earth into divisions

Geologic time scale

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Consists of group of Eras (geochrinologic)/Earthems (chronostratigraphic) with collectively known as pre cambrian

Eon/ Eonothem

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Consist of group of period/system and composed of three eras with each being major development of life on earth

Era/ Erathem

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Consist of group of Epoch/series with boundaries being defined by boundary stratotypes

Period/System

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Con sist of group of Ages/systems, defined by boundary stratotypes, with the new ones being derived from geographic feature in the vicinity of its strtotype or type area.

Epoch/ series

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Take note about Epoch/Series:

their names are either being associated to their positions, lower, middle upper or time of deposition with respect to their corresponding Periods, late or early

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smallest or basic unit of geochronology/chronostratigraphy, defined by boundary-stratotype and is suited in scope and rank to the practical needs and purposes of intraregional chronostratigraphic classification.

Age/Stage

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name is derived from a geographic feature in the vicinity of its stratotype

Age/Stage

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reference points or markers, since 1977, on stratigraphic sections of rocks which define the lower boundaries of stages on the GTS

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points

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Rules by the international Commission on Stratigraphy

refer to printed paper

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a proposed mechanism of evolution where the species today evolve due to natural selection of traits that helped the evolve and adoptthrough different environment, therefore producing new species through the process

Natural Selection

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Natural selection is based on?

Any given species produce more offspring than can survive
Variation exist among offspring
3/ the offspring must compete with one another for food and habitat
Offspring with the most favorable characteristics are more likely to survive to reproduce
Beneficial traits is passed on to the next generation generation

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Evidences of evolution

fossils provide direct evidence for changes in life in rocks of different ages
Certain organs or structure are present in a variety of species, but they are modified to function differently. difference in structure can help an organism be more competitive
Modern organisms contain vestigial organs that appear to have little or no use
Animals that are very different, had similar looking-embryos

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Remains or traces of prehistoric life. they can tell us much about the history of Earth and life

Fossils

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4 types of unconformities

Angular unconformity
nonconformity
disconformity
Paraconformity

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type of unconformity where tilted rock beds are overlain by flat-lying rocks

Angular unconformity

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Metamorphic or igneous rocks that are in contact with sedimentary strata

nonconformity

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Strata on either side of unconformity, commonly cut by an erosional surface, are parallel

disconformity

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A type of unconformity where strata are parallel and the contact is a simple bedding plane but can be recognized on the gap in the rock record

Paraconformity

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A short period of interruption in sedimentation with little to no erosion, present as gaps in the rock records in unconformities

Diastem

A longer period of nondeposition or manifestation of erosional surfaces

Hiatus

study of all ancient life form, their interactions and their evolution

PALEONTOLOGY

Favorable Conditions for Fossilization

1. at least 10,000 years old 2. contains hard parts like bones, nails or exoskeletons for preservation 3. Rapid burial under finer rather than coarser sediments and undisturbed conditions of sedimentation for a longer period. 4. Presence of highly mineralized groundwater 5. Anoxic environment, where there are calm waters and environment

major types of fossils

Body fossils, Trace fossils

type of fossils for hard parts such as skeletal parts and shells

Body Fossils

trace fossils are also known as

Ichnofossils

type of fossils for ancient activities such as tracks, grazes and houses

Trace fossils

study of ichnofossils or trace fossils

Ichnology

resting traces

Cubichnia

Feeding traces

Fodichnia

Grazing Traces

Passichnia

Crawling tracks and trails

Repichnia

Dwelling structure burrows

Domichnia

Boring vs burrows

Boring is made in hard substrate; Burrows- made in soft sediments

Fossils that were eroded out of the original rock it was incorporated in that become incorporated into younger rock deposits

Reworked Fossils

fossils used in identifying specific time-rockunit and in correlation

Index fossils

characteristic of an index fossil

abundant, widely distributed, short geologic range

MODES OF PRESERVATION OF FOSSILS

Permineralization, Replacement, Carbonization Mold and Cast Freezing Mummification Amber Preservation Tar Preservation

Occurs when water that contain dissolved silica (silicification), calcium carbonate (calcification), or iron (pyritization) circulates through the sediment that encloses a deceased organism, depositing in the organism's remains, preserving the impression of the organism in a harder material.

Permineralization,

The simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition.

Replacement,

Occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon.

Carbonization

The preservation of impressions of fossils through the creation of vacant molds in the shape of the fossil, that is subsequently filled in casts.

Mold and Cast

The process of preservation through turning the materials into stone.

Petrification-

The process of fossilization through freezing the organism, which was common in ice ages.

Freezing

Fossilization by removal of moisture through drying or desiccation.

Mummification

The fossilization of organisms when trapped in amber.

Amber Preservation

Fossilization of remains when organisms are trapped in ancient tar pits.

Tar Preservation

A German word for "mother lode" or "bonanza," is a site where fossils are exceptionally preserved in high quality, sometimes being completely preserved.

Lagerstatten

Konznetrat-Lagerstatten - A lagerstatten with high concentration of fossil accumulated over period of time that represent a community of organisms.

Konznetrat-Lagerstatten

A lagerstatten with exceptional preservation of fossils.

Konzervat-Lagerstatten

The study of the morphology and relationships of organisms.

TAXONOMY

A broader science of Taxonomy and evolutionary processes.

Systematics

Refers particularly to the process of naming organisms and identifying the natural hierarchy.

Classification

The fundamental taxon rank in the Linnean system, which was originally defined as groups of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other groups. Consists of many highly variable individuals, often divided into geographically restricted populations and races.

Species

Distinct sets of species with different characteristics that set them apart from others of the same species while still belonging in the same group of species.

Races

A body of rock deposited during the time when a particular fossil organism existed.

BIOZONE

The time of a fossil's first appearance in a specific rock section.

First appearance datum (FAD)

The time of a fossil's last appearance in a specific rock section.

Last appearance datum (LAD)

Types of Biozones

Range zone, Assemblage zone, Acme zone

type of Range zone

Concurrent-range zone, Partial-range zone,Total-range zone - or local-range zone, Consecutive-range zone

A body of rock deposited during the time when a particular fossil organism existed.

Range Zone

Ranges of multiple taxa overlap within a single zone.

Concurrent-range zone

FAD and LAD of multiple taxa occur within the range of another fossil range.

Partial-range zone

a single taxon in a single zone.

Total-range zone

Biozone is defined by the range of the lineage of one taxon.

Consecutive-range zone

A biozone that consists of an assemblage or a set of several associated fossil species or genera.

Assemblage zone

A type of biozone that contains an abundance of a single taxon.

Acme zone

Ancient interrelationship between organisms and their environment.

PALEOECOLOGY

Ancient association of several species of organisms in a particular habitat, or the living part of the ecosystem.

PALEOCOMMUNITY

more commonly used to date rocks as they are more common, having been preserved in greater abundance and in better conditions compared to terrestrial fossils.

Marine fossils

The water mass found above the ocean floor.

Pelagic Realm

The aquatic area above the continental shelves.

Neritic Zone

he aquatic area beyond the continental shelves

Oceanic Zone

The marine realm covering the bottom of the sea.

Benthic Realm

The area above the high tide line. e high and Littoral zone - or intertidal zone, is the area between the high and low tide lines.

Supratidal zone

Also known as subtidal zone, is the continuously submerged zone, from low tide line to the edge of the continental shelf (about 200 m deep).

Sublittoral zone

The environment that extends from the edge of the shelf to a depth of about 4000 m.

Bathyal zone

The area beyond the bathyal zone extending to about 6000 m deep.

Abyssal zone

The environment that constitutes the extreme depths in oceanic trenches.

Hadal zone

The deepest point in the sea, with a depth of about 11,032 m below mean sea level.

Challenger's Deep

organisms that float, drift or swim weakly. Nektonic-Organisms that live within the water column. Benthic Organisms that are bottom dwellers.

Planktonic

Benthic organisms living beneath the sediment surface. Epifaunal - Benthic organisms living on top of the sediment surface.

Infaunal

A particular depth in the oceans, that range between 4,000 to 5,000 m deep, that acts as a boundary for calcareous sediment to precipitate (above) or dissolve (below).

CARBON COMPENSATION DEPTH (CCD)

British Columbia, Canadian Rocky Mountains Konzervat-Lagerstatten Contains one of the most important faunas in the fossil record, referenced for the "Cambrian Explosion"

Burgess Shale

Jurassic, Konzervat-Lagerstatten Bavaria, Germany Lagerstatten where the fossil of Archaeopteryx was found

Solnhofen Limestone

age: Precambrian loc: Southern Australia Contains soft-bodied organisms of the Ediacaran biota

Ediacara Hills

age: Pennsylvanian loc: Illinois, USA Soft tissues are enclosed in ironstone concretions, preserving rarely fossilized soft tissues,

Mazon Creek

Eocene Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, USA Known for its fish fossils, but also contains a complete fossil assemblage of the "tree of life"

Green River Formation

Lagerstatten age: Pleistocene location: California, USA

Rancho La Brea Tar Pits