Structural & Functional Orginization of the Endocrine System Flashcards
what are the major glands of the endocrine system
Thyroid
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Ovaries & Testes
Pancreas
Pineal Gland
Adrenals
what is a specific cell with a specific receptors that will respond to specific hormones
Target cells
how many receptors will a target cell have for a particular hormone
2,000 to 100,000
hormones are divided into what to what two categories
lipid soluble
water soluble
what are the lipid soluble hormones
Steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
Nitric Oxide
what are the water soluble hormones
Amino Acids
Amino Acids are subdivided into what two categories
Short chain
Long Chain
what are the short chain water soluble amino acids
Antidiuretic hormone
what are the long chain water soluble amino acids
insulin
how do hormones influence their target cells
chemically binding to specific protein receptors
what part of the brain controls the endocrine system
hypothalamus
how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete
9
how many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete
7
what is the master gland of the body
pituitary gland
what stalk like structure attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Infundibulum
within the infundubulum what are the blood vessels that connect capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal veins
what are the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
GNRH - Gonadotropin releasing hormone
GHRH - Growth Hormone releasing hormone
GHIH - Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
TRH - Thyroid releasing hormone
PRH - prolactin releasing hormone
PIH - Prolactin inhibiting hormone
CRH - Corticotropin releasing hormone
ADH - Corticotropin releasing hormone
the pituitary gland is the size of a small grape and has how many lobes
2
what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
both lobes of the pituitary rest where
hypophyseal fossa
the hypophseal fossa is a cup shaped depression in what bone
sphenoid bone
what hormone stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones
Tropic hormones
IGF are mainly secreted by what
liver
hGH stimulates protine synthesis to help maintain and promote what
maintain muscle and bone mass
promote healing and tissue repair
hGH concentration in the blood is maintained by what type of feedback loop
negative
what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary
hGH
TSH
FSH
LH
PRL
ACTH
MSH
the posterior pituitary gland does not synthesize but stores what two hormones
Ocytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone 0
what is the function of the thyroid gland
run basal metabolic rate
the thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland located where
below the larynx
the thyroid is composed of left and right lobes on either side of what
trachea
what are the spherical sacs that make up most oft he thyroid gland called
thyroid follicles
the wall of each follicle consist of cells called follicular cells which produce what 2 thyroid hormones
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothronine (T3)
what increases basal metabolic rate
thyroid hormones
what hormones play an important roll in maintenance in normal body temp
thyroid hormones
Calcitonin is produced by what cells of the thyroid gland
parafollicular
what hormone decreases the level if calcium in the blood by inhibiting the actions of osteroclasts
Calcitonin
what are small round masses of glandular tissue that are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
within the parathyroid glands are secetory cells called chif cells that release what
patathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH is a major regulator of what blood level elements
calcium
Magnesium
phosphate
what functions does the pancreas have
endoctine and exocrine
the endocrine part of the pancreas consist of cluster of cells called what
pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans
alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete what hormone
glucagon
beta cells secrete what hormone
insulin
alpha cells that secrete the hormone glucagon are stimulated by what division of the ANS
Sympathetic
Beta cells that secrete the hormone insulin are stimulated by what division of the ANS
parasympathetic
what is the main action of glucagon
increase blood glucose
the main action of insulin
lower blood glucose
level of blood glucose controls secretion of glucagon and insulin via what feedback loop
negative
insulin promotes the uptake of amino acids into the body cells which increases the synthesis of what
protein and fatty acid
there are two adrenal glands that lay atop of what
kidney
what are the regions of the adrenal glands
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
the adrenal cortex consist of what 3 zones
zona glmerulosa (outer zone)
zona fasciculata (middle zone)
Zona reticularis (inner zone)
Zona glerulosa releases hormones called what
mineral corticoids
what part of the adrenal cortex releases aldosterone
zona glomerulosa (outer zone)
the zona fasciculata (middle zone) releases hormones called what
glucocorticoids
what part of the adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Zona fasciculata (middle zone)
the zona reticularis (inner zone) releases what hormone
androgens (male/female sex hormones)
the adrenal medulla consist of what type of cells
sympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS
sympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS in the adrenal medulla secret specialized hormones called what
catecholamines
what are the catecholamines hormones released by the ympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS in the adrenal medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine
aldosetrone does what to Sodium and potassium and blood pressure
increase reabsorption of sodium from urine into blood
stimulates excretion of potassium into urine
adjust BP and volume and excretion of hydrogen in urine
secretion of aldosterone happens in what pathway
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
what are conditions that initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway
dehydration
Sodium deficiency
hemorrhage
( overall Low BP)
lower bp pressure stimulates what organ to secrete the enzyme renin
kidney
enzyme renin reaction in the blood promotes the production of what
angiotensin I
what converts inactive angiotensin I into the active hormone angiotensis II
Angiotensin covering enzyme
what secretes the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
angiotensin II
what is the most abundant glucocorticoid
cortisol
what are the actions of glucocorticoids
protine breakdown
glucose formation
breakdown of triglycerides
anti innflammatory effects
depression of immune response
a low blood level of cortisol stimulates neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete what
corticotropin releasing hormone
a low blood level of cortisol stimulates neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) stimulates cell of the adrenal cortex to secrete what
cortisol
what two hormones augment the flight or flight response
epinephrine
norepinephrine
what helps the body resist stress
epinephrine
norepinephrine
the testes produce inhibin via what cells
sertoli cells
where is the pineal gland attached to
rood of the third ventricle of the brain, midline
what hormone is released by the pineal gland that sets the circadian clock
melatonin
as the endocrine system ages and human growth hormone decreases causing
muscle atrophy
as the endocrine system ages and thyroid hormones (T3, T4, Calcitonin) decreases causing what
decrease in metabolic rate
increase body fat
hypothyroidism
as the endocrine system ages parathyroid rises causes
fall in calcitonin decrease loss in bone mass (osteoporosis)
as the endocrine system ages and insulin is released more slowly in causes
blood glucose levels to increase faster
as the endocrine system ages and estrogen decreases cause
ovaries to decrease in size
no longer respond to gonadotropins
any stimulus that produces a stress response
stressor
what is a sequence of bodily changes that can progress through stages
stress response
what happens in the first stage of stress response
initial flight or flight response
what happens in the second stage of stress response
slower resistance reaction
the initial flight response initiated by sympathetic ANS brings huge amounts of what
glucose
oxygen
the initial stress response initiated by sympathetic ANS reduces the blood flow to the kidneys which promotes what
release of Rennin
the second stage of the stress response is initiated by what and causes what type of response
hypothalamic releasing hormone causes longer lasting response
what hormones are involved in the resistance reaction to stress response
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
growth hormone releasing hormone (GNRH)
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
what are the 3 stages of stress response
flight-or-flight response
resistance reaction
exhaustion
what stage is described as the resistance stage failing to combat stress
exhaustion
prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and other resistance hormones cause what
wasting of muscles
supression of the immune system
ulceration of the GI tract
failure of pancreatic beta cells
pathologic changes
