Review Questions Flashcards
What is the major link between the endocrine system and the nervous system
hypothalamus
what gland regulates the activity of the endocrine glands
pituitary gland
whats the stalk like structure that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
infundibulum
what connects the capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal veins
Growth hormone releasing hormone stimulates what hormones
HGH & IGF
hGH promotes the synthesis and secretion of what hormones
IGF
what stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
TSH
what initiates the development of the ovarian follicles
FSH
what causes constriction of the arterioles thus causing an increase in BP
ADH
whats the butterfly shaped gland located just below thw larynx
thyroid gland
what cells produce the two thyroid hormones
follicular
what are the hormones produced by the thyroid gland
T3 and T4
what does thyroid hormones increase
basal metabolic rate
what hormone also stimulates protein synthesis, increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
thyroid hormones
calcitonin is produced by what cells in the thyroid gland
parafollicular
small round masses of glandular tissue that are partially embedded in the poster surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
what cells in the parathyroid gland release PTH
chief cells
PTH is the major regulator of what levels in the blood
calcium
magnesium
phosphate
what gland promotes the formation of the hormone calcitrol
parathyroid gland
what fictions does the pancreas have
endocrine
pancreas of alpha cells secretes what
glucagon
alpha cells secrete the hormone glucagon is stimulated by what ANS system
sympathetic
beta cells secrete what hormones
insulin
beta cells secrete the hormone insulin is stimulated by what ANS system
parasympathetic
what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
what hormone does the zona glomerulos secrete
aldestrone
what hormone does the zona fasciculata release
cortisol
what zona reticularis release
androgens
what are conditions that initiate the renin angiotensin aldostrone pathway
deyhydration
sodium deficiency
hemorrhage
what are the hormones produced by the ovaries
estrogen
progesterone
besides estrogen and progesterone what else do the ovaries produce
inhibin
inhibin inhibits the secretion of what
FSH
where is the pineal gland located
roof of the 3rd ventricle midline
what contributes to setting the body’s biological clock
melatonin
a decrease in HGH causes what
muscle atrophy
decrease in thyroid hormones cause what
decrease in BMR
increase body fat
hypothyrodism
in the second stage what effects does cortisol have
stimulates release of glucose by the liver,
breakdown of tryglycerides
what effects does prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol have on the body in the exhaustion phase
wasting of muscles
suppression of immune system
ulceration of GI tract
failure of pancreatic beta cells
what are the two types of hypoglycemia
fasting
postprandial
what are sx of postprandial hypoglycemia
sweating
palpations
anxiety
tremulousness
confusion
agitation
at what values does hypoglycemia begin to show sx
60mg/dL
at what value does hypoglycemia begin to impair brain function
50mg/dL
prediabetes has what lab value
100 -125 mg/dL
what are risk factors for prediabetes
Family Hx
obesity
Diet
physical inactivity
race
what type of Sx will prediabetics have
asymptomatic
why could a patient show pre diabetic lab values
non fasting serum glucose obtained
what medications could cause prediabetes
corticosteroids
antibiotics
betabockers
psych meds
thiazide diuretics
what is the treatment for prediabetes
weight loss
metformin
what is a s/s diabetes
polyuria
polydipsia
what is the lab value for diabetes 1 & 2
126mg/dL
diabetics have a higher chance of what type of GU infection
candidal vaginitis
what will be present in type 1 diabetes UA
glucosuria
ketonemia
ketonuria
what are complications of type 1 diabetes
neuropathy
nepropathy
heart dosease
ophthalmology
diabetic cataracts
diabetic retionpathy
is ketonurea and weight loss common at time of type 2 diabetes Dx
what will be present in UA dipstick for type 2 diabetes
glucosuria
mothers with gestational diabetes who go untreated by give birth to what type of children
macrosomia (high birth weight)
diabetic ketoacidosis will have what glucose lab value
hyperglycemia >250mg/dL
what are clinical finding for DKA
rapid breathing
fruity breath
hypotension
tachycardia
whats the initial management of DKA
volume repletion
DKA pt glucose should be maintained at what
200-300mg/dL
