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Fire Safety > Structural Firefighting > Flashcards

Structural Firefighting Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main difference between Structure Defence and Structure Protection?

A

Structure Defence involves tactics to defend a structure from an advancing fire front using tools and apparatus.
Structure Protection involves creating humidity bubbles around structures to protect them from wildfire, often using sprinklers.

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2
Q

What is a widely recognised tactic used in Structure Protection?

A

Sprinklers

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3
Q

What are some tactics used in Structure Defence?

A

Fuel break by hand/machine, check and go, prep and go, prep and defend, anchor and hold

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4
Q

What are the 3 main influences on fire severity?

A
  1. Fuel
  2. Weather
  3. Topography
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4
Q

What constitutes a Structure Protection Crew?

A

A structure protection crew is a team of 5, including a crew lead and 4 members/firefighters, requiring 2 and 3/4 ton or greater pickups capable of hauling a Type 2 Trailer. Crews can be contractors or from a career/volunteer fire department.

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4
Q

Define ‘value’ in the context of structural firefighting

A

Value refers to anything of significance or importance that warrants priority protection or defence, such as infrastructure, livestock, or other significant elements in an environment

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5
Q

Name the four basic fuel types

A
  1. Ground
  2. Surface
  3. Aerial
  4. Ladder
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5
Q

Why is it important to keep an ICS 214 Activity Log?

A

To document incidents and the reasons behind certain protection/defence tactics

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6
Q

What are ground fuels?

A

All combustible material lying beneath the surface

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7
Q

What are surface fuels?

A

All combustible materials lying on the surface

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8
Q

What are aerial fuels?

A

Combustible fuels that begin high up in the canopy

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9
Q

What are ladder fuels?

A

Combustible fuels that climb up the canopy

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10
Q

List some weather factors that contribute to the severity of a fire

A

Wind
Humidity
Temperature
Saturation

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11
Q

How does topography affect fire severity?

A

Factors like aspect, slope, chutes/chimneys, and barriers (eg. roads) influence fire severity

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12
Q

What does the acronym LACEs stand for?

A

Lookouts
Anchor Points
Communications
Escape Routes
Safety Zones

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13
Q

What is LACES important in firefighting?

A

LACES is a WARNING and REACTION system used to enhance safety by monitoring fire behaviour, establishing safe zones, and ensuring effective communication

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14
Q

What are some important forms used in structural firefighting?

A

T-cards, Activity Log (ICS214), Daily Time Report

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15
Q

What are the steps upon arrival on a fire site?

A

Crew briefing, ensuring LACES, familiarisation with fire conditions and the area, assessing and triaging structures, and beginning firesmart/structure protection tacts

15
Q

What are the driving rules for demobilisation?

A

No driving between 2300-0500, and a clear 8 hours of sleep is required between the end of deployment and heading home.

16
Q

What are the 3 primary reasons a value/structure may burn?

A
  1. Ember transplant (60-90% of structure burning
  2. Direct flame/impingement on the home
  3. Radiant heat from a significant fire near the structure
17
Q

What is the 30/30 cross-over?

A

The point at 2pm where the risk of fire danger increases. Crossover indicates extreme burning conditions when Relative Humidity is less than or equal to the ambient air temperature

18
Q

What are the 3 predictors when calculating fire behaviour in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI)?

A

Weather, topography, and fuel. If two of these align, the risk of wildfire increases.

19
Q

What should be included in a Crew Briefing?

A
  1. Situation
  2. Mission
  3. Communications
  4. Services/Support
  5. Risk Management
  6. Any questions/concerns
20
Q

Define Structure Triage

A

The orderly process of assessing structures to priotise saving as many homes as possible with the available equipment and manpower, focusing on saveable structures

21
Q

List the four categories of structure triage

A
  1. Prep and Defend
  2. Stand-alone
  3. Prep and Go
  4. Check and Go
22
Q

What does ‘Prep and Defend’ involve in structure triage?

A

Structures with some tactical challenges where firefighters are needed onsite to implement protection tactics tactics during fire front contact

23
Q

Describe Stand-alone in structure triage

A

Structures with very few tactical challenges, where firefighters may not need to be directly assigned as the structure is unlikely to ignite during initial fire front contact

24
Q

What is involved in ‘Prep and Go’ for structure triage?

A

Structures with some structural challenges where firefighters cannot commit to stay and protect. If time allows, rapid mitigation measures are performed, considering trigger points and LACES

25
Q

When is a structure considered completely non-defensible?

A
  1. When fire behaviour threatens escape routes
  2. Multiple spot fires are igniting
  3. Water supply will not last
  4. More than 1/4 of the roof is involved
  5. Fire is within the structure
  6. There is an abundance of unmanageable combustible materials
26
Q

What tool is used for structure triage forms?

A

The Survey123 App

27
Q

What’s the difference between Interface and Intermix?

A

Interface involves fires that have the potential to involve buildings and forest fuel simultaneously in urban areas.
Intermix involves development and vegetation intermingle with no defined boundary, requiring more resources and posing higher spot fire risks.

28
Q

What are Phase 1 priorities in Tactical Response?

A

Pre-impingement priorities including roof cleaning, interior preparation, exterior mitigation, and secondary priorities like deploying sprinklers and removing light fuels.

28
Q

What are Phase 2 priorities in Tactical Response?

A

Impingement includes activating sprinkler systems, conducting spot fire suppression, structural fire suppression, and retreating to safety zones.

29
Q

What are Phase 3 priorities in Tactical Response?

A

Post-impingement includes patrolling for hot spots, mopping up areas, and continuing structural fire suppression with structural responses

30
Q

What is Area Triage and its flagging system?

A

Assessing fire behaviour and structure vulnerability to prioritise areas.
Flags: Red (NO GO), Yellow (Triage only), Green (Protected), Orange (Pump on site), Blue (Tender stie)

31
Q

How should pets and livestock be handled during fire operations?

A

Talk to the landowner to move them if affecting operations. If the owner is absent, contact SPS for proper handling and removal. provide food and water if animals are left unattended.

32
Q

What are BCWS Structure Protection Units and their capacities?

A

BCWS owns 6 Type 1 SPUs protecting approx. 125 structures, and 2 sets of UTV Trident Systems with a flat deck trailer. Type 2 units protect approx. 35 structures

33
Q

What are some natural and man-made water sources used for pumps/sprinklers?

A

Natural: Clean water sources like streams (sue screens for foot valves)
Man-made: Tenders and hydrants (double dress with two 2 and 1/2 gate valves)

34
Q

Describe the steps for pump set up

A
  1. Crew briefing
  2. Structure triage
  3. Determining pumping operations and equipment needed
  4. Set up hoses
  5. Set up hoses, thieves, and sprinklers
  6. Complete other mitigation activities
34
Q

What are the 4 types of pumping tactics?

A
  1. Tandem
  2. Relay
  3. Gravity
  4. Parallel
35
Q

What is the difference between Single Line and Closed Loop Pumping Systems?

A

Single Line systems are less effective with poor pressure at the end of the line.
Closed Loop maintains constant pressure, supports more sprinklers, and conserves water.

36
Q

How should a site be demobilised?

A

In order:
1) Sprinklers
2) 3 ways and thieves
3) Hoses (smallest to largest)

37
Q

What should you do if you encounter hazardous materials?

A

Stay upwind and uphill, avoid breathing smoke, isolate the area, warn others, and notify your supervisor

38
Q

What is a BLEVE and its potential consequences?

A

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion occurs when a vessel storing liquid fuel under pressure is heated excessively and fails, leading to an explosion that can start secondary fires.

Fire Safety (5 decks)

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