Structural Fallacies

Question 1

Defined as deceptive or misleading arguments that seem convincing but are logically flawed

Answer 1

Fallacies

Question 2

Defined as lies and daulty arguments that, although incorrect, are subjectively wrong

Answer 2

Fallacies

Question 3

He made significant contributions to the study of fallacies and was a Greek philosopher.

Answer 3

Plato

Question 4

What is doxa and episteme?

Answer 4

doxa - opinion; episteme - truth

Question 5

Ancient Greek teachers of rhetoric (persuasion) whose primary goal was success in public speaking and persuasion, often disregarding the truth

Answer 5

Sophists

Question 6

These use fallacies as a form of art, using glossy imagery and persuasive language to mislead

Answer 6

Advertisements

Question 7

These are frequent users of fallacies, employing rhetoric and gestures to deceive

Answer 7

Politicians

Question 8

How can one avoid fallacies?

Answer 8

One must learn to recognize them

Question 9

What are the two major categories of fallacies?

Answer 9

Structural fallacies and Fallacies of content

Question 10

These fallacies occur due to faulty logical structure within the argument

Answer 10

Structural fallacies

Question 11

These fallacies violate rules of both inductive and deductive reasoning

Answer 11

Structural fallacies

Question 12

These fallacies occur when the content or meaning of the argument is flawed or misleading

Answer 12

Fallacies of content

Question 13

What are the fallacies of categorical syllogisms?

Answer 13

1. Fallacy of four terms
2. Fallacy of illicit major term
3. Fallacy of illicit minor term
4. Fallacy of misplaced middle term
5. Fallacy of undistributed middle term
6. Fallacy of negative conclusion
7. Fallacy of two negative premises
8. Fallacy of double particular premises
9. Fallacy of stronger conclusion

Question 14

What rule does the fallacy of four terms violate?

Answer 14

RULE #1 - A valid syllogism must only have three terms: a major term, a minor term, and a middle term

Question 15

What is the fallacy of equivocation and why does it also violate RULE #1?

Answer 15

Fallacy of equivocation uses the same word but with different meanings in different parts of the syllogism.

Question 16

What rule does the fallacy of illicit major and illicit minor violate?

Answer 16

RULE #2 - No term should have greater extension in the conclusion than in the premises.

Question 17

What rule does the fallacy of misplaced middle violate?

Answer 17

RULE #3 - The middle term must not appear in the conclusion

Question 18

What rule does the fallacy of undistributed middle violate?

Answer 18

RULE #4 - The middle term must be universal at least once in the premises

Question 19

What rule does the fallacy of negative conclusion violate?

Answer 19

RULE #5 - If both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative

Question 20

What rule does the fallacy of two negative premises violate?

Answer 20

RULE #6 - No conclusion can be drawn from two negative premises

Question 21

What rule does the fallacy of double particular premises violate?

Answer 21

RULE #7 - No valid conclusion can be drawn from two particular premises

Question 22

What rule does the fallacy of stronger conclusion violate?

Answer 22

RULE #8 - The conclusion must always follow the weaker premise (particular and negative)