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Gastrointestinal > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are two groups of organs make up the digestive system

A

1) Gastrointestinal tract / Alimentary canal
(2) Accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

Accessory digestive organs do what, and what are the organs?

A

(a) Organs that aid in digestion
(b) Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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3
Q

Gastrointestinal tract / Alimentary canal does what and what are the organs?

A

(a) A continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
(b) Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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4
Q

What group of the digestive system?
A continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

A

Gastrointestinal tract / Alimentary canal

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5
Q

What group of the digestive system?
Organs that aid in digestion

A

Acessory digestive organs

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6
Q

What group of the digestive system?
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

A

Accessory digestive organs

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7
Q

What group of the digestive system?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

A

Gastrointestinal tract / Alimentary canal

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8
Q

The abdomen is traditionally divided into what three regions

A

-Intrathoracic
-True abdomen
-Retroperitoneal abdomen

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9
Q

What region of the abdomen?
lies behind the thoracic and true portions. It is separated by
the retroperitoneal membrane from the other.

A

retroperitoneal abdomen

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10
Q

What region of the abdomen?
Contains the large and small intestines, a portion of the liver, and the bladder. In females, the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are considered part of the pelvic portion of the true abdomen

A

true abdomen

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11
Q

What region of the abdomen?
Enclosed by lower ribs and immediately distal to the diaphragm

A

intrathoracic

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12
Q

What region of the abdomen contains these?
(a) Liver (Solid)
(b) Gallbladder (Solid but contained)
(c) Spleen (Solid)
(d) Stomach (Hollow)
(e) Transverse Colon (hollow)

A

Intrathoracic

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13
Q

What region of the abdomen contains these?
(a) Small Intestines
(b) Large Intestines
(c) Liver, lower portions
(d) Bladder
(e) Female: Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, and Ovaries

A

True Abdomen

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14
Q

What region of the abdomen contains these?
(a) Kidneys
(b) Urters
(c) Pancreas
(d) Posterior Duodenum
(e) Ascending and Descending Colon
(f) Inferior Vena Cava

A

retroperitoneal abdomen

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15
Q

What are the six basic functions of digestion

A

(1) Ingestion
2) Secretion
(3) Mixing and Propulsion
(4) Digestion
(5) Absorption
(6) Defecation

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16
Q

What basic fx of digestion?
elimination of materials not absorbed by our body indigestion

A

Defecation

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17
Q

What basic fx of digestion?
taking in food and liquid through the mouth

A

Ingestion

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18
Q

What basic fx of digestion?
cells lining GI tract produces water, acid, buffers and enzymes to aid digestion

A

Secretion

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19
Q

What basic fx of digestion?
mechanical and chemical process that breaks down the food we ingest

A

Digestion

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20
Q

What basic fx of digestion?
continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along the GI tract.

A

Mixing and Propulsion

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21
Q

What basic fx of digestion?
small molecules produced in digestion moved into spaces to be used by cells

A

Absorption

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22
Q

Serosa: Made up of two sub layers
________ – outermost layer around the organs of the GI tract.
________ – lines the walls of the abdominal cavity.

A

Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum

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23
Q

What is the “fatty apron” that drapes over the transverse colon and small

A

Greater omentum

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24
Q

What binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesentery

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25
Q

______ is the innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with the substances passing through.

A

Mucosa

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26
Q

What is made up of areolar connective tissues that bind the mucosa to the muscularis. Contains blood and lymphatic vessels which absorb food molecules as they
are broken down.

A

Submucosa

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27
Q

_________ contains skeletal (voluntary) muscles and smooth (involuntary) muscles

A

Muscularis

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28
Q

Serosa is made up of how many layers?

A

2

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29
Q

There are three pairs of salivary glands
_________ located inferior and anterior to the ears between the skin and the masseter muscle.
_________ located medial and partly inferior to the mandible in the floor of the mouth.
_________ beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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30
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter - composed of what type of muscle?

A

Skeletal

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31
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter - composed of what type of muscle?

A

smooth muscle

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32
Q

______ functions to transport food along its path while mixing it with mucous

A

esophagus

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33
Q

Phases of swallowing
________ Bolus forced into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate.
________ Begins when the bolus is in the oropharynx. Breathing is temporarily interrupted. The soft palate and uvula move upward to close off the nasopharynx. The epiglottis seals off the larynx. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the esophagus
________ Begins when the bolus moves into the esophagus. Food is pushed through the esophagus via peristalsis. When the bolus reaches the bottom of the esophagus the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the stomach.

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

34
Q

What organ?
J-shaped organ of the GI tract, serves as a reservoir and mixing chamber for food, and aids in digestion.

A

stomach

35
Q

What are the main regions of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

36
Q

The stomach extends from the end of the _______ to the tip of the _______

A

esophagus to the tip duodenum

37
Q

What is the most elastic part of the GI tract?

A

STomach

38
Q

Gastric gland cells are exocrine cells that secrete 3 types of contents that combine to create gastric juice:
1._______ secrete mucous
2._______ secrete pepsinogen
3._______ Secrete Hydrochloric acid (HCl) which helps convert pepsinogen into pepsin (active digestive enzyme)
4._______ Gastrin is secreted into the bloodstream by these cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach.

A
  1. Mucous neck cells
  2. Chief cells
  3. Parietal cells
  4. G Cell
39
Q

The PH of the stomach is ….

A

*2 (TG)
or
1.5-3.5 (Slides)

40
Q

______ is a thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup in the stomach that is made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles

A

Chyme

41
Q

The pancreas has what functions

A

endocrine and exocrine

42
Q

There are specialized areas within the pancreas called

A

islets of Langerhans

43
Q

The islets of Langerhans are made up of different type of cells that make hormones.
-The commonest ones are the _____ that produces _____

A

beta cells, which produce insulin

44
Q

is a hormone that is produced by the alpha cells, found in the islets of Langerhans

A

Glucagon

45
Q

Glucagon’s role in the body is to

A

prevent blood glucose levels dropping too low

46
Q

______ is one of the most important accessory organs within the Gastrointestinal system. This organ has an exocrine function within the Gastrointestinal system

A

Pancreas

47
Q

_______ (pH: 7.1-8.2)- a clear, colorless liquid made up of three enzymes that consists mostly of water, some salts, and sodium bicarbonate

A

Pancreatic juice

48
Q

Pancreatic juice contains

_______ -protein digesting.
(a) Proteins: Broken down by enzymes into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

_______- starch (carbohydrate) digesting
(a) Carbohydrates: Broken down by enzymes and absorbed as monosaccharides

______ - triglyceride (fat) digesting
(a) Triglycerides (fats): Broken down by enzymes and absorbed as monoglycerides and fatty acids

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase

49
Q

_______ second largest organ in the body located just below the diaphragm, mostly on the right side of the body

A

Liver

50
Q

What organ is responsible for these fx
(1) Carbohydrate metabolism
(2) Lipid metabolism
(3) Protein metabolism
(4) Processing of drugs and hormones
(5) Excretion of bilirubin
(6) Storage of vitamins and minerals
(7) Activation of vitamin D

A

Liver

51
Q

What are the major functional cells of the liver that perform metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions.

A

Hepatocytes

52
Q

What part of the liver
A pear-shaped sac that hangs from the inferior margin of the liver.
(1) Stores bile to be released into the small intestine.
(2) Aids in chemical digestion, especially digestion of fats.

A

gallbladder

53
Q

Duct system of the Liver and Gallbladder
_______ duct Bile and waste created in the liver are passed into the hepatic ducts

A

Left and right hepatic duct

54
Q

Duct system of the Liver and Gallbladder
Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through the _____ duct

A

Cystic Duct

55
Q

Duct system of the Liver and Gallbladder
The left and right hepatic duct form with the cystic duct to create
the ________ .

A

Common Bile Duct

56
Q

Duct system of the Liver and Gallbladder
The common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form
the ______ duct

A

hepatopancreatic duct

57
Q

Duct system of the Liver and Gallbladder
______ The muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum

A

Sphincter of Oddi

58
Q

______ is the segment in the GI system that comes after the stomach

A

Small intestine

59
Q

Intestinal glands contain 3 types of endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream:
_____ Secrete the hormone Secretin, which stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice.
_____ Secrete Cholecystokinin, which regulates gastric emptying, stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion, causes relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi, and the feeling of satiety (feeling full to satisfaction).
_____ Secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which stimulates the release of insulin

A

S Cells
CCK Cells
K Cells

60
Q

The small intestine is divided into three different segments:
____ Attaches to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach
____ Middle section of small intestine.
____ Attaches to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter/valve

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

61
Q

What part of the small intestine?
______absorbs remaining, nutrients, B12, and bile salts. Bile salts are recycled to the liver and gallbladder for reuse

A

The ilium

62
Q

What part of the small intestine?
Predominant function of this is the absorption of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

A

Jejunum

63
Q

What part of the small intestine?
Significant landmark of the this is the ligament of Trietz, which connects at the duodenal-jejunal flexure and serves to secure those segments to the posterior wall. The ligament of Trietz is the line of demarcation that denotes upper G.I. bleeds (above the ligament) and lower G.I. bleeds (below the ligament).

A

Duodenum

64
Q

______ is the line of demarcation that denotes upper G.I. bleeds (above the ligament) and lower G.I. bleeds (below the ligament).

A

The ligament of Trietz

65
Q

Most of the digestion and absorption events occur where

A

Small intestine

66
Q

What type of digestion
via segmentation and peristalsis

A

Mechanical

67
Q

What type of digestion
via pancreatic enzymes, bile and intestinal juice

A

Chemical

68
Q

This defines what?
Nutrients are broken down into their simplest form which can be absorbed. These molecules are then absorbed by the microvilli and villi. The nutrients then diffuse from the villi to the bloodstream, and finally to the liver for use by the body

A

Absorption

69
Q

Foods and nutrients are absorbed in their simplest (broken down) forms which are:

A

1) Monosaccharides
2) Amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides
3) Monoglycerides and fatty acids
4) Ions and water.
5) Vitamins A, D, E and K.

70
Q

The last part of the GI tract

A

The large intestine

71
Q

The large intestine has four regions
(1) – First segment of the large intestine. The appendix attaches here.
(2) – Broken down into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions.
(3) – Connects the sigmoid colon to the anus.
(4) – last 2-3 cm of the rectum consisting of internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters

A

(1) Cecum
(2) Colon
(3) Rectum
(4) Anal canal

72
Q

The large intestine functions to:

A

(1) Complete absorption – absorbs water, electrolytes and vitamins.
(2) Absorbs certain vitamins produced by healthy gut bacteria – vitamins B and
K. These are needed for normal metabolism.
(3) Forms feces (unabsorbed digested material) to be expelled from the body

73
Q

What part of the large intestine
Connects the sigmoid colon to the anus.

A

Rectum

74
Q

What is unabsorbed digested material

A

feces

75
Q

What phase of digestion
The smell, sight, sound or thought of food activates neural centers in the brain stimulating the salivary glands to secrete saliva and the gastric glands to secrete gastric juice.

A

Cephalic

76
Q

What phase of digestion
Starts when food enters the stomach. Gastrin is released promoting the release of gastric juice which increases the mobility of the stomach, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and promotes gastric emptying

A

Gastric

77
Q

What phase of digestion
Starts when food enters the small intestine. Inhibitory effects slow gastric emptying and excitatory effects stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juices to aid in absorption and digestion

A

Intestinal

78
Q

What is secreted into the bloodstream by G cells in the pyloric
antrum of the stomach.
and is the major hormonal regulator of HCL secretion.

A

Gastrin

79
Q

_____ is necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the Small Intestines

A

Intrinsic Factor (IF)

80
Q

What is in the about 1 -2 inches in the into the anal canal

A

Dentate Line

Gastrointestinal (25 decks)

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