Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GU male > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

wo kidneys,
two ureters,
one urinary bladder, and
one urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

After the kidneys filter the blood, they return _______ to the bloodstream

A

most of the water and many solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys

A

Nephrology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary system, and the male reproductive system?

A

Urology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of the Kidneys

A

Regulation of ion levels in the blood
Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
Regulation of blood pH
Production of hormones
Excretion of wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Regulation of ion levels in the blood
The kidneys help regulate the blood levels of several ions, most importantly…..

A 
sodium ions (Na+), 
potassium ions (K+), 
calcium ions (Ca2+), 
chloride ions (Cl-),
phosphate ions (HPO4^2-)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
The kidneys adjust the volume of blood in the body by doing what?

A

returning water to the blood
eliminating it in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
the Kidneys regulate blood pressure by secreting the enzyme __________, which activates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone pathway, by adjusting blood flow into and out of the kidneys, and by adjusting blood volume

A

renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Regulation of blood pH
The kidneys regulate the concentration of H+ in the blood by a __________ variable amount of H+ in the urine.

A

excreting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Regulation of blood pH.
The kidneys conserve, _________ which is an important buffer of H+.

A

blood bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Production of hormones
The kidneys produce what two hormones, what do they do?

A

1) Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, helps regulate calcium homeostasis
2) Erythropoietin, stimulates production of red blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Excretion of wastes.
By forming _____, the kidneys help excrete wastes

A

urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Excretion of wastes.
What are parts of urine?

A

1) Ammonia and urea
2) Bilirubin
3) Creatinine
4) Uric acid
5) Other wastes excreted in urine are foreign substances from the diet, such as drugs and environmental toxins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What part of the urine is from the breakdown of amino acids?

A

Ammonia and urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What part of the urine is from the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

Bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What part of the urine is from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers?

A

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What part of the urine is from the breakdown of nucleic acids

A

Uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the pair of reddish organs shaped like kidney beans

A

kidneys……..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where re the kidneys located?

A

abdominal cavity at the level of the 12th thoracic and first three lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True/false
The LEFT kidney is slightly lower than the RIGHT because the liver occupies a large area above the kidney on the right side.

A

FALSE
the right is lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

External Anatomy of the Kidneys
Near the center of the medial border is an indentation called the __________, through which the ureter leaves the kidney and blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.

A

renal hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

External Anatomy of the Kidneys
Surrounding each kidney is the ___________, a connective tissue sheath that helps maintain the shape of the kidney and serves as a barrier against trauma

A

smooth transparent renal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

External Anatomy of the Kidneys
What surrounds the renal capsule and cushions the kidney. Along with a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, this also anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall.

A

Adipose (fatty) tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
Internally, the kidneys have two main regions. What are they?

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
What region of the kidney?
the outer light-red region

A

Renal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
What region of the kidney?
inner, darker red-brown region

A

Renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
Within the _________ are several cone-shaped renal pyramids. Extensions of the ________, called renal columns, fill the spaces between renal pyramids.

A
  • renal medulla
  • renal cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys.
Urine formed in the kidney passes from thousands of papillary ducts within the renal pyramids into cuplike structures called what?

A

minor calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
Each kidney has how many minor calyces?

A

8-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

From the Minor Calyces, urine next flows into 2-3 major calyces, and then into a single large cavity called the _______.

A

renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
The renal pelvis drains urine into a ______ which transports urine into the urinary bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body.

A

ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Renal Blood Supply
About what percent of the resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries

A

20-25%

(1200 milliliters of blood per minute)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Renal Blood Supply.
Within each kidney, the renal artery divides into smaller and smaller vessels (segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular arteries) that eventually deliver blood to the ________.

A

afferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Renal Blood Supply
Each afferent arteriole divides into a tangled capillary network called a ________.

A

glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Renal Blood Supply

(a) Each afferent arteriole divides into a tangled capillary network called a _______.
(b) The capillaries of the glomerulus reunite to form an efferent arteriole.
(c) Upon leaving the glomerulus, each efferent arteriole divides to form a network of capillaries around the__________

A

(a) glomerulus
(c) kidney tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the blood vessels called in the kidney?

A

interlobular, arcuate, and interlobar veins and arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Renal Blood Supply
Ultimately, all interlobular, arcuate, and interlobar veins drain into what?

A

renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The functional units of the kidney are the ______, numbering about a million in each kidney.

A

nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A nephron consists of what two parts… what do they do?

A

(a) Renal corpuscle, where blood plasma is filtered.
(b) Renal tubule into which the filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate, passes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

As the fluid moves through the renal tubules, wastes and excess substances are added, and useful materials are returned to the blood in the _________.

A

peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The two parts that make up a renal corpuscle are the

A

glomerulus
glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is a double-walled cup of epithelial cells that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Functions performed by the nephron
To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform three basic processes which include what???

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the basic functions performed by the nephron
_______ is the forcing of fluids and dissolved substances smaller than a certain size through a membrane by pressure

A

Filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

________ is the first step of urine production. Blood pressure forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of glomerular capillaries, forming glomerular filtrate.

A

Glomerular filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the basic functions performed by the nephron
________ occurs as filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct:

A

Tubular reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Tubule and duct cells return about __% of the filtered water and many useful solutes to the blood flowing through peritubular capillaries.

A

99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

_________ also takes place as fluid flows along the tubule and through the collecting duct

A

Tubular secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The tubule and duct cells remove substances, such as ___________ from the blood peritubular capillaries and transport them into the fluid in the renal tubules.

A

wastes, drugs, and excess ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The basic functions performed by the nephron.

By the time the filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tublar secretion and enters the minor and major calyx it is called what?

A

Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

As nephrons perform their functions, they help maintain homeostasis of the blood’s __________

A

volume and composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

True/False

Urine values vary considerably according to diet

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Glomerular Filtration

The cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule, called _________, adhere closely to the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.

A

podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Simple squamous epithelial cells form the _______ layer of the glomerular capsule.

A

outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Together, the podocytes and glomerular endothelium form a __________ that permits the passage of water and solutes from the blood into the capsular space.

A

filtration membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Glomerular Filtration

Blood cells and most plasma proteins remain in the blood due to what?

A

they are too large to pass through the filtration membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

What is the pressure that causes filtration in the glomerular capillaries?

A

Blood Pressure?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

What two pressures OPPOSE glomerular filtration

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Glomerular capsule pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

When either of the OPOSING pressures increases what happens to glomerular filtration?

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Normally blood pressure is greater than the two opposing pressures producing a net filteration pressure by about what?

A

10mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Net filtration pressure forces a large volume of fluid into the capsular space, about
______ liters daily in females and _____ liters daily in males.

A

150 liters daily in females

180 liters daily in males

62
Q

Net filtration pressure can be summarized as

A

Net filtration pressure =

glomerular capillary blood pressure -(blood colloidal osmotic pressure + glomerular capsule pressure).

63
Q

How do the efferent and afferent arterioles effect Net Filtration Pressure pressure?

A
  • Efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole, it helps raise the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
  • blood pressure increases or decreases slightly, changes in the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles can actually keep net filtration pressure steady to maintain normal glomerular filtration

-

64
Q

Constriction of the ________ arteriole decreases blood flow into the glomerulus, which decreases net filtration pressure.

A

afferent

65
Q

Constriction of the _______ arteriole slows outflow of blood and increases net filtration pressure.

A

efferent

66
Q

The amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute is called what?

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

67
Q

In adults, the GFR is about

___ mL/min in females and ____ mL/min in males

A

105 mL/min in females and 125 mL/min in males

68
Q

If the GFR is too _____, needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are unable to be reabsorbed and pass out of the body as part of urine.

A

High

69
Q

if the GFR is too ____, nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed and waste products are not adequately excreted.

A

Low

70
Q

What is the hormone that promotes loss of sodium ions and water in the urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

71
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Cells in the atria of the heart secrete more ANP if the ______ is stretched more, as occurs when blood volume increases.

ANP then acts on the _______ to increase loss of sodium ions and water in urine, which reduces the blood volume back to normal.

A
  • Heart
  • kidneys

-

72
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

The blood vessels of the kidneys ae by sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system and when active, cause _______.

(a) At rest, sympathetic stimulation is low and the afferent and efferent arterioles are relatively _______.
(b) With greater sympathetic stimulation, as occurs with exorcise or hemorrhage, the afferent arterioles are _________ more than the efferent arterioles.
(c) As a result, blood flow into the glomerular capillaries is greatly _______, net filtration pressure drops, and GFR drops.
(d) These changes ________ urine output, which helps conserve blood volume and permits greater blood flow to other body tissues.

A

vasoconstriction

(a) dilated
(b) constricted
(c) decreased
(d) reduce

73
Q

What is defined as returning most of the filtered water and many of the filtered solutes to the blood

-is the second basic function of the nephrons and collecting ducts.

A

Tubular reabsorption

74
Q

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion.

The filtered fluid becomes ________once it enters the proximal convoluted tubule.

Due to reabsorption and secretion, the composition of tubular fluid changes as it flows along the nephron tubule and through a ______.

A
  • tubular fluid
  • collecting duct
75
Q

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion.

Typically, about __% of the filtered water is reabsorbed.
(a) Only _% of the water in glomerular filtrate actually leaves the body in urine, the fluid that drains into the renal pelvis.

A
  • 99%
  • 1%
76
Q

Epithelial cells all along the renal tubules and collecting ducts carry out tubular reabsorption.

(a) Some solutes are passively reabsorbed by diffusion; others are reabsorbed by active transport.
(b) Proximal convoluted tubule cells make the largest contribution, reabsorbing WHAT?

A
  • 65% of the filtered water,
  • 100% of the filtered glucose and amino acids
  • large quantities of various ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3 -), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+).
77
Q

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Reabsorption of solutes also promotes reabsorption of _____ in the following way.

A

water

78
Q

The third function of the nephrons and collecting ducts is __________, the transfer of materials from the blood through tubule cells and into tubular fluid.

A

tubular secretion

79
Q

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion.

Secreted substances include hydrogen ions (H+), potassium K+, ammonia (NH3), urea, creatinine (a waste from creatine in muscle cells), and certain drugs such as penicillin. Tubular secretion helps _______ these substances from the body.

A

eliminate

80
Q

Tubule cell secretion of excess K+ for elimination in the urine also is very important why?

A

to maintain a stable level of K+ in body fluids.

81
Q

Tubular secretion also helps control a blood pH of what?

A

pH of 7.35 to 7.45

82
Q

To eliminate acids, the cells of the renal tubules secrete what into the tubular fluid?

A

H+

83
Q

Urine is typically alkaline or ?

A

acidic

84
Q

The most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion are what?

A

angiotensin II and aldosterone

85
Q

In the proximal convoluted tubules, angiotensin II enhances reabsorption of what?

A

Na+ and Cl-

86
Q

Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release what?

A

aldosterone

87
Q

what hormone stimulates the tubule cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubules and throughout the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secrete more K+.

A

Aldosterone

88
Q

An elevated level of K+ in plasma causes what?

A

serious disturbances in cardiac rhythm or even cardiac arrest.

89
Q

The major hormone that regulates water reabsorption is what? How does it operate?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

operates via negative feedback.

90
Q

When the concentration of water in the blood decreases by as little as ___%, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.

A

1%

91
Q

A second powerful stimulus for _______ secretion is a decrease in blood volume, as occurs in hemorrhaging or severe dehydration.

A

ADH

92
Q

Lower-than-normal level of Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release what? what does it do?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)……

PTH stimulates cells in the early distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more Ca2+ into the blood.

93
Q

The kidneys can produce as little as ______ mL of very concentrated urine each day when ADH concentration is maximal, for instance during severe dehydration

A

400–500

94
Q

What hormone also inhibits HPO4^2- (phosphate) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules, promoting phosphate excretion.

A

PTH

95
Q

An analysis of the volume and physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine called a _______, tells much about the state of the human body.

A

urinalysis

96
Q

Components of Urine

The volume of urine eliminated per day in a normal adult is _______. Water accounts for about_____% of the total volume of urine.

A

1 to 2 liters (about 1 to 2 quarts)

95%

97
Q

What transports urine from the renal pelvis of one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

A

Each of the two ureters

98
Q

What prevents backflow of urine when pressure builds up in the
bladder during urination.

A

ureters pass under the urinary bladder for several centimeters, causing the bladder to compress the ureters

99
Q

The wall of the ureter consists of what three layers?

A

The inner layer is the mucosa

The middle layer consists of smooth muscle

The outer layer consists of areolar connective

99
Q

The wall of the ureter consists of what three layers?

A

The inner layer is the mucosa

The middle layer consists of smooth muscle

The outer layer consists of areolar connective

100
Q

What layer of the wall of the ureter?

containing transitional epithelium with an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue

A

mucosa

101
Q

What layer of the wall of the ureter?

use peristaltic contractions to move urine towards the bladder

A

middle layer of smooth muscle

102
Q

What layer of the wall of the ureter?

areolar connective tissue containing blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

The outer layer

103
Q

Urinary bladder capacity averages about what?

A

700–800 mL

104
Q

What covers the superior surface of the bladder?

What covers the rest?

A

peritoneum

Fibrous outer covering

105
Q

The muscular layer of the urinary bladder wall consists of three layers of smooth muscle called the what?

A

detrusor muscle

106
Q

What are the two ureteral sphincters? which one is voluntarily

A

Internal sphincter - involuntary

External sphincter - voluntary

107
Q

The urinary bladder stores urine prior to its elimination and then expels urine into the urethra by an act called _____, commonly known as urination.

A

micturition

108
Q

When the volume of urine in the urinary bladder exceeds _____ mL, pressure within the bladder increases considerably, and stretch receptors in its wall transmit nerve impulses into the spinal cord.

-These impulses propagate to the lower part of the spinal cord and trigger a reflex called the _________.

A

200 to 400

micturition reflex

109
Q

lean adults, body fluids make up between ____% of total body mass.

A

55% and 60%

109
Q

lean adults, body fluids make up between ____% of total body mass.

A

55% and 60%

110
Q

These each define what?

  1. About two-thirds of body fluid is or cytosol, the fluid within cells.
  2. The other third, called, is outside cells and includes all other body fluids.
A
  1. intracellular fluid (ICF)
  2. extracellular fluid (ECF)
111
Q

About ___% of the ECF is interstitial fluid, which occupies the spaces between tissue cells, and about __% of the ECF is blood plasma, the liquid portion of the blood.

A

80% interstitial

20% blood plasma

112
Q

extracellular fluids that are grouped with interstitial fluid include:

A

1) lymph in lymphatic vessels;
2) cerebrospinal fluid in the nervous system;
3) synovial fluid in joints;
4) aqueous humor and vitreous body in the eyes;
5) endolymph and perilymph in the ears;
6) pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids between serous membranes of the lungs,
heart, and abdominal organs.

113
Q

Two “barriers” separate intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and blood plasma:

A

plasma membrane

Blood vessel walls

114
Q

Only where in the body are the walls thin enough and leaky
enough to permit the exchange of water and solutes between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Only in capillaries

115
Q

Water is by far the largest single component of the body, making up ______% of total body mass, depending on age and gender.

A

45–75%

116
Q

Why does concentration of solutes in ECF and interstitial fluids determines the direction of water movement ?

A

Because osmosis is the primary means of water movement

117
Q

The main sources of body water are

A
  • ingested liquids (about 1600 mL) and
  • moist foods (about 700 mL) absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract,
  • which total about 2300 mL/day.
118
Q

True/False

the body can also cant water during chemical reactions

A

True

Most of it is produced during aerobic cellular respiration

119
Q

Metabolic water gain accounts for about ____ mL/day

A

200 mL/day

120
Q

daily water gain totals about _____mL

A

2500 mL

121
Q

When body mass decreases by 2% due to fluid loss, _____ exists. A decrease in blood volume causes blood pressure to fall.

A

mild dehydration

122
Q

What is known as the thirst center governs the urge to drink

A

An area in the hypothalamus

123
Q

The extent of ______ is the main factor that determines body fluid volume

A

urinary salt (NaCl) loss

124
Q

True/False

The electrolyte content of intracellular fluid differs little from that of extracellular fluid.

A

FALSE

differs considerably

125
Q

_______ are the most abundant extracellular ions, representing about 90% of extracellular cations.

  • plays a pivotal role in fluid and electrolyte balance because it accounts for almost half of the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid.
  • is necessary for the generation and conduction of action potentials in neurons and muscle fibers.
A

Na+

126
Q

____are the most prevalent anions in extracellular fluid. Because most plasma membranes contain many Cl- leakage channels, Cl- moves easily between the extracellular and intracellular compartments.

A

Chloride ions (Cl-)

127
Q

What is the most abundant cations in intracellular fluid, play a key role in establishing the resting membrane potential and in the repolarization phase of action potentials in neurons and muscle fibers?

-When this moves into or out of cells, it often is exchanged for H+ and thereby helps regulate the pH of body fluids.

A

Potassium ions (K+)

128
Q

The level of K+ in blood plasma is controlled mainly by

A

aldosterone

129
Q

1) When blood plasma K+ is___ , more aldosterone is secreted into the blood. how does this work?

A

high

Aldosterone then stimulates the renal collecting ducts to secrete more K+ and excess K+ is lost in the urine.

130
Q

About % of the calcium in adults is in the skeleton and teeth, where it is combined with phosphates to form ______.

A

98

Mineral salts

131
Q
  1. In body fluids, calcium is mainly _______
  2. The two main regulators of Ca2+ level in blood plasma are ______ and _______
A
  1. extracellular cation
  2. parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol (vitamin D that acts as a hormone)
132
Q

True/False

A major homeostatic challenge is keeping the H+ level (pH) of body fluids in the appropriate range.

A

True

133
Q

the maintenance of acid–base balance—is of critical importance why?

A

because the three-dimensional shape of all body proteins that allows them to function, are very sensitive to the most minor changes in pH

134
Q

When the diet contains a large amount of protein, as is typical in North America, effects pH how?

A

cellular metabolism produces more acids than bases and thus tends to acidify the blood.

135
Q

What are the principal buffer systems of the body fluids?

A

Protein Buffer System

Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System

Phosphate Buffer System

136
Q

What is the most abundant buffer in intracellular fluid and plasma?

A

Protein Buffer System

137
Q

What can buffer both acids and bases?

A

Protein buffer system

138
Q

What buffer system is based on the bicarbonate ion (HCO3 -), which can act as a weak base, and carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can act as a weak acid.

A

carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system

139
Q

Are carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer excreted in urine? Why?

A

No

Because the kidneys reabsorb filtered HCO3 -,

140
Q

What buffer system acts via a mechanism similar to the carbonic acid– bicarbonate buffer system?

A

The phosphate buffer system

141
Q

Because the concentration of phosphates is highest in _______, the phosphate buffer system is an important regulator of pH in the ______. It also acts to a smaller degree in extracellular fluids, and it buffers acids in urine.

A

intracellular fluid

cytosol

142
Q

Breathing Slowly releases less CO2 effecting blood pH how?

A

Blood PH falls

143
Q

_______ is a condition in which arterial blood pH is below 7.35.

A

Acidosis

144
Q

What is it called when arterial blood pH is higher than 7.45

A

alkalosis

145
Q

A major physiological effect of _______ is over-excitability in both the central nervous system and peripheral nerves.

-Neurons conduct impulses repetitively, even when not stimulated; the results are nervousness, muscle spasms, and even convulsions and death.

A

alkalosis

146
Q

The principal physiological effect of acidosis is

A

depression of the central nervous system through depression of synaptic transmission.

147
Q

If the systemic arterial blood pH falls below _____, depression of the nervous system is so severe that the individual becomes disoriented, comatose, and may die.

A

7

148
Q

If a person has altered blood pH due to metabolic causes what can help bring blood pH back to normal range? how long does it take?

A

hyperventilation or
hypoventilation

occurs within minutes and reaches its maximum within hours

149
Q

If a person has altered blood pH due to respiratory causes what can help correct this how long does it take?

A

Renal compensation—changes in secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3 - by the kidney tubules—can help reverse the change.

may begin in minutes, but it takes days to reach maximum effectiveness

150
Q

kidneys excrete about_____ mL in urine

____ mL evaporates from the skin

Lungs exhale about ___ mL

gastrointestinal tract _____mL

A

Kidneys 1500

skin 600

Lungs 300

Gastrointestinal 100

GU male (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions