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Class 22010 Hematologic, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

What body system is responsible for adaptive immunity and some aspects of innate immunity?

A

Lymphatic system

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2
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of ?

A
  1. lymph
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue
  4. red bone marrow
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3
Q

What is a specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains a large number of lymphocytes ?

A

lymphatic tissue

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4
Q

What is interstitial fluid called once it passes into lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph

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5
Q

What is the main difference between interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood plasma?

A

interstitial fluid and lymph contain less protein

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6
Q

How many liters of fluid a day filter from blood into tissue spaces?

A

20 liters

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7
Q

How many liters of fluid are filtered daily from the arterial end of blood capillaries and return to the blood directly by reabsorption at the venous end of the capillaries?

A

17 liters

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8
Q

How many liters of fluid per day pass first into lymphatic vessels and are then returned to the blood?

A

3 liters

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9
Q

Lymphatic system three primary functions

A
  1. drains excess interstitial fluid
  2. transports dietary lipids
  3. carries out immune responses
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10
Q

What do lymphatic vessels begin as?

A

lymphatic capillaries

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11
Q

What tiny vessels are closed at one and and are located in the spaces between cells?

A

lymphatic capillaries

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12
Q

True or False

Blood capillaries are larger than lymphatic capillaries

A

False

Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger

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13
Q

When pressure is greater in interstitial fluid than in lymph, the cells separate slightly, allowing what to happen?

A

allows interstitial fluid to enter the lymphatic capillary

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14
Q

What are the differences between lymphatic vessels and blood veins?

A

lymphatic vessels have thinner walls and more valves

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15
Q

What is located at intervals along lymphatic vessels ?

A

Lymph nodes

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16
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

masses of T cells and B cells surrounded by a capsule

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17
Q

What flows through lymph nodes?

A

lymph

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18
Q

From the lymphatic vessels lymph passes into one of two main channels, what are they?

A
  1. The thoracic duct

2. The right lymphatic duct

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19
Q

What is the main lymph collecting duct?

A

The thoracic duct

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20
Q

What duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest; the left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs?

A

The thoracic duct

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21
Q

What drains lymph from the upper right side of the body?

A

The right lymphatic duct

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22
Q

What veins does the thoracic duct empty its lymph into?

A

junction of the left internal jugular and the left subclavian veins

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23
Q

The right lymphatic duct empties its lymph into what veins?

A

the junction of the right internal jugular and the right subclavian veins

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24
Q

What two pumps aid the return of venous blood to the heart to maintain the flow of lymph?

A
  1. skeletal muscle pump

2. respiratory pump

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25
Q

What are the sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells?

A

Primary Lymphatic Organs

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26
Q

What are the Primary Lymphatic Organs?

A
  1. Red bone marrow

2. Thymus

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27
Q

Where do mature B cells and immature T cells come from?

A

Red bone marrow

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28
Q

Where do immature T cells go to mature?

A

Thymus

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29
Q

What are the sites where most immune responses occur?

A

The secondary lymphatic organs

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30
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. spleen
  3. lymphatic nodules
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31
Q

What is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

A

the spleen

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32
Q

What contains mature B cells, Plasma cells, T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages?

A

Lymph nodes

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33
Q

What filters lymph and traps foreign substances?

A

Lymph nodes

macrophages and lymphocytes destroy most foreign substances

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34
Q

What is covered by dense connective tissue and is composed of white pulp and red pulp tissue?

A

spleen

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35
Q

What are egg shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule?

A

lymphatic nodules

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36
Q

What includes barriers provided by the skin and mucus membranes?

A

Innate immunity First Line of Defense

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37
Q

What includes various internal defenses such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever?

A

Innate immunity Second Line of Defense

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38
Q

What involves lymphocytes called B cells and T cells?

A

Adaptive immunity

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39
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Cell-mediated immunity

2. Antibody-mediated immunity

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40
Q

What refers to a wide variety of body responses that serve to protect us against invasion of a wide variety of pathogens and their toxins?

A

Innate immunity

41
Q

Various body fluids contain these to discourage microbial growth

A

antimicrobial substances

42
Q

Specialized cells that perform phagocytosis

A

phagocytes

43
Q

About 5-10% of lymphocytes, these cells have the ability to kill a wide variety of microbes and tumor cells; present in the spleen, nodes, and red bone marrow. They cause destruction by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane.

A

Natural killer cells

44
Q

Non-specific response of the body to tissue damage, prevents the spread to other tissues and prepares the site for repair

A

Inflammation

45
Q

Intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits microbial growth and speeds up reactions that aid in repair

A

Fever

46
Q

What provides a formidable physical barrier to the entrance of microbes?

A

Epidermis

47
Q

True or False

Continual shedding of the top epidermal cells helps remove microbes at the skins surface

A

True

48
Q

True or False

Bacteria usually penetrate intact and healthy epidermis

A

False they rarely penetrate intact and healthy skin

49
Q

The epithelial layer of the mucous membranes secrete what kind of fluid that lubricates and moistens the surface of a body cavity?

A

Mucus

50
Q

What is sticky and can trap microbes and foreign substances?

A

mucus

51
Q

What has mucus-coated hair that traps and filter microbes, dust, and pollutants from inhaled air?

A

the mucus membrane of the nose

52
Q

What contains cilia, microscopic hair-like projections on the surface of the epithelial cells, which propel inhaled dust and microbes that have become trapped in mucus toward the throat?

A

the mucus membrane of the upper airway

53
Q

Antimicrobial Substances

What do lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts infected with viruses release and what does it do?

A
  1. Interferons

2. diffuses to uninfected cells, stimulate synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication

54
Q

What does the complement system do?

A

when activated the proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions

55
Q

What happens when complement proteins create holes in the plasma membrane of the microbe?

A

extracellular fluid moves into the holes, causing the microbe to burst, a process called cytolysis

56
Q

What is opsonization?

A

a process in which complement proteins bind to the surface of a microbe and promote phagocytosis

57
Q

How do iron-binding proteins inhibit the growth of certain bacteria?

A

reducing the amount of available iron

58
Q

Besides killing a wide range of microbes, antimicrobial proteins do what?

A

they can also attract dendritic cells and mast cells, which participate in immune responses

59
Q

What is the next nonspecific defense consist of after microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or bypass the antimicrobial substances of the blood?

A

phagocytes and natural killer cells

60
Q

What is a defensive response of the body to tissue damage that helps restore tissue homeostasis?

A

Inflammation

61
Q

What are the four signs and symptoms of inflammation?

A

redness, pain, heat, and swelling

62
Q

Inflammation disposes of what at the site of injury to prevent their spread to other tissues and prepare the site for tissue repair?

A

microbes, toxins, or foreign material

63
Q

Why do abnormally high body temperatures occur?

A

the hypothalamic thermostat is reset

64
Q

What commonly occurs during infection and inflammation?

A

fever

65
Q

How do bacterial toxins elevate body temperature?

A

triggering the release of fever-causing substances such as interleukin-1 from macrophages

66
Q

True or False

elevated body temperature intensifies the effects of interferons. inhibiting the growth of some microbes and speeds up body reactions that aid repair

A

True

67
Q

What kind of immunity involves the production of specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a particular pathogen?

A

Adaptive (specific) immunity

68
Q

What is any substance such as microbes, foods, drugs, pollen, or tissue that the immune system recognizes as foreign?

A

antigen

69
Q

What is the specific branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens?

A

Immunology

70
Q

What cells develop in primary lymphatic organs from stem cells that originate in red bone marrow?

A

B cells and T cells

71
Q

Where do B cells complete their development?

A

red bone marrow

72
Q

T cells develop from pre-T cells that migrate from red bone marrow into what organ to continue maturing?

A

Thymus

73
Q

What are the two major types of mature T cells that exit the thymus?

A
  1. Helper T cells

2. Cytotoxic T cells

74
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Cell-mediated immunity

2. Antibody-mediated immunity

75
Q

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens in what kind of immunity?

A

cell-mediated immunity

76
Q

In what immunity do B cells transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

77
Q

What cells aid the immune response of both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity?

A

Helper T-cells

78
Q

Both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity are triggered by what?

A

antigens

79
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity particularly effective against?

A
  1. intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi inside cells)
  2. some cancer cells
  3. foreign tissue transplants
80
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity works mainly on what?

A

extracellular pathogens

viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are in body fluids outside of cells

81
Q

Cell-mediated immunity always involves cells attacking what?

A

cells

82
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity also referred to as?

A

Humoral immunity

83
Q

What is the process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (forms more highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen?

A

Clonal selection

84
Q

The result of clonal selection is the formation of a population of identical
cells, called a _____, that can recognize the same specific antigen as the
original lymphocyte

A

Clone

85
Q

Clonal selection of lymphocytes occurs where?

A

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

86
Q

A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selection gives rise to what two major types of cells in the clone?

A
  1. Effector cells

2. Memory cells

87
Q

What do the thousands of effector cells of a lymphocyte clone do?

A

carry out immune responses

ultimately result in the destruction or inactivation of the antigen

88
Q

Effector cells include what?

A
  1. Active helper T cells (part of helper T cell clone)
  2. Active cytotoxic T cells (part of a cytotoxic T cell clone)
  3. Plasma cells (part of a B cell clone)
89
Q

What happens to most effector cells after the immune response has been completed?

A

they die

90
Q

True or False

Memory cells do not actively participate in the initial immune response to the antigen

A

True

91
Q

How do memory cells respond to antigens?

A

by proliferating and differentiating into more effector cells and more memory cells

92
Q

Memory cells include what?

A
  1. memory helper T cells ( part of a helper T cell clone)
  2. memory cytotoxic T cells (part of a cytotoxic T cell clone)
  3. memory B cells (part of a B cell clone)
93
Q

What is the normal life span for a memory cell?

A

Most memory cells do not die at the end of an immune response. They often can last for decades

94
Q

A what causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific T cells that react with it?

A

an antigen (antibody generator)

95
Q

What is located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells?

A

Protein “self antigens” known as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins

96
Q

Antigens induce what to secrete proteins known as antibodies?

A

plasma cells

97
Q

How many polypeptide chains do most antibodies contain?

A

four

98
Q

Antibodies belong to a group of plasma proteins called Globulins, for this reason they are known as Immunoglobulins. What are the 5 different classes?

A 
GAMED
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
99
Q

Because they appear first and are relatively short lived, the presence of IgM antibodies indicates what?

A

Recent invasion (infection, illness, etc.)

Class 22010 Hematologic, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems (5 decks)

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