STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS Flashcards
1
Q
What body system is responsible for adaptive immunity and some aspects of innate immunity?
A
Lymphatic system
2
Q
What does the lymphatic system consist of ?
A
- lymph
- lymphatic vessels
- structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue
- red bone marrow
3
Q
What is a specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains a large number of lymphocytes ?
A
lymphatic tissue
4
Q
What is interstitial fluid called once it passes into lymphatic vessels?
A
Lymph
5
Q
What is the main difference between interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood plasma?
A
interstitial fluid and lymph contain less protein
6
Q
How many liters of fluid a day filter from blood into tissue spaces?
A
20 liters
7
Q
How many liters of fluid are filtered daily from the arterial end of blood capillaries and return to the blood directly by reabsorption at the venous end of the capillaries?
A
17 liters
8
Q
How many liters of fluid per day pass first into lymphatic vessels and are then returned to the blood?
A
3 liters
9
Q
Lymphatic system three primary functions
A
- drains excess interstitial fluid
- transports dietary lipids
- carries out immune responses
10
Q
What do lymphatic vessels begin as?
A
lymphatic capillaries
11
Q
What tiny vessels are closed at one and and are located in the spaces between cells?
A
lymphatic capillaries
12
Q
True or False
Blood capillaries are larger than lymphatic capillaries
A
False
Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger
13
Q
When pressure is greater in interstitial fluid than in lymph, the cells separate slightly, allowing what to happen?
A
allows interstitial fluid to enter the lymphatic capillary
14
Q
What are the differences between lymphatic vessels and blood veins?
A
lymphatic vessels have thinner walls and more valves
15
Q
What is located at intervals along lymphatic vessels ?
A
Lymph nodes
16
Q
What are lymph nodes?
A
masses of T cells and B cells surrounded by a capsule
17
Q
What flows through lymph nodes?
A
lymph
18
Q
From the lymphatic vessels lymph passes into one of two main channels, what are they?
A
- The thoracic duct
2. The right lymphatic duct
19
Q
What is the main lymph collecting duct?
A
The thoracic duct
20
Q
What duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest; the left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs?
A
The thoracic duct
21
Q
What drains lymph from the upper right side of the body?
A
The right lymphatic duct
22
Q
What veins does the thoracic duct empty its lymph into?
A
junction of the left internal jugular and the left subclavian veins
23
Q
The right lymphatic duct empties its lymph into what veins?
A
the junction of the right internal jugular and the right subclavian veins
24
Q
What two pumps aid the return of venous blood to the heart to maintain the flow of lymph?
A
- skeletal muscle pump
2. respiratory pump
25
What are the sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells?
Primary Lymphatic Organs
26
What are the Primary Lymphatic Organs?
1. Red bone marrow
| 2. Thymus
27
Where do mature B cells and immature T cells come from?
Red bone marrow
28
Where do immature T cells go to mature?
Thymus
29
What are the sites where most immune responses occur?
The secondary lymphatic organs
30
What are the secondary lymphatic organs?
1. lymph nodes
2. spleen
3. lymphatic nodules
31
What is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?
the spleen
32
What contains mature B cells, Plasma cells, T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages?
Lymph nodes
33
What filters lymph and traps foreign substances?
Lymph nodes
| macrophages and lymphocytes destroy most foreign substances
34
What is covered by dense connective tissue and is composed of white pulp and red pulp tissue?
spleen
35
What are egg shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule?
lymphatic nodules
36
What includes barriers provided by the skin and mucus membranes?
Innate immunity First Line of Defense
37
What includes various internal defenses such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever?
Innate immunity Second Line of Defense
38
What involves lymphocytes called B cells and T cells?
Adaptive immunity
39
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
1. Cell-mediated immunity
| 2. Antibody-mediated immunity
40
What refers to a wide variety of body responses that serve to protect us against invasion of a wide variety of pathogens and their toxins?
Innate immunity
41
Various body fluids contain these to discourage microbial growth
antimicrobial substances
42
Specialized cells that perform phagocytosis
phagocytes
43
About 5-10% of lymphocytes, these cells have the ability to kill a wide variety of microbes and tumor cells; present in the spleen, nodes, and red bone marrow. They cause destruction by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane.
Natural killer cells
44
Non-specific response of the body to tissue damage, prevents the spread to other tissues and prepares the site for repair
Inflammation
45
Intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits microbial growth and speeds up reactions that aid in repair
Fever
46
What provides a formidable physical barrier to the entrance of microbes?
Epidermis
47
True or False
Continual shedding of the top epidermal cells helps remove microbes at the skins surface
True
48
True or False
Bacteria usually penetrate intact and healthy epidermis
False they rarely penetrate intact and healthy skin
49
The epithelial layer of the mucous membranes secrete what kind of fluid that lubricates and moistens the surface of a body cavity?
Mucus
50
What is sticky and can trap microbes and foreign substances?
mucus
51
What has mucus-coated hair that traps and filter microbes, dust, and pollutants from inhaled air?
the mucus membrane of the nose
52
What contains cilia, microscopic hair-like projections on the surface of the epithelial cells, which propel inhaled dust and microbes that have become trapped in mucus toward the throat?
the mucus membrane of the upper airway
53
Antimicrobial Substances
What do lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts infected with viruses release and what does it do?
1. Interferons
| 2. diffuses to uninfected cells, stimulate synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication
54
What does the complement system do?
when activated the proteins "complement" or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions
55
What happens when complement proteins create holes in the plasma membrane of the microbe?
extracellular fluid moves into the holes, causing the microbe to burst, a process called cytolysis
56
What is opsonization?
a process in which complement proteins bind to the surface of a microbe and promote phagocytosis
57
How do iron-binding proteins inhibit the growth of certain bacteria?
reducing the amount of available iron
58
Besides killing a wide range of microbes, antimicrobial proteins do what?
they can also attract dendritic cells and mast cells, which participate in immune responses
59
What is the next nonspecific defense consist of after microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or bypass the antimicrobial substances of the blood?
phagocytes and natural killer cells
60
What is a defensive response of the body to tissue damage that helps restore tissue homeostasis?
Inflammation
61
What are the four signs and symptoms of inflammation?
redness, pain, heat, and swelling
62
Inflammation disposes of what at the site of injury to prevent their spread to other tissues and prepare the site for tissue repair?
microbes, toxins, or foreign material
63
Why do abnormally high body temperatures occur?
the hypothalamic thermostat is reset
64
What commonly occurs during infection and inflammation?
fever
65
How do bacterial toxins elevate body temperature?
triggering the release of fever-causing substances such as interleukin-1 from macrophages
66
True or False
elevated body temperature intensifies the effects of interferons. inhibiting the growth of some microbes and speeds up body reactions that aid repair
True
67
What kind of immunity involves the production of specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a particular pathogen?
Adaptive (specific) immunity
68
What is any substance such as microbes, foods, drugs, pollen, or tissue that the immune system recognizes as foreign?
antigen
69
What is the specific branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens?
Immunology
70
What cells develop in primary lymphatic organs from stem cells that originate in red bone marrow?
B cells and T cells
71
Where do B cells complete their development?
red bone marrow
72
T cells develop from pre-T cells that migrate from red bone marrow into what organ to continue maturing?
Thymus
73
What are the two major types of mature T cells that exit the thymus?
1. Helper T cells
| 2. Cytotoxic T cells
74
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
1. Cell-mediated immunity
| 2. Antibody-mediated immunity
75
Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens in what kind of immunity?
cell-mediated immunity
76
In what immunity do B cells transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies?
Antibody-mediated immunity
77
What cells aid the immune response of both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity?
Helper T-cells
78
Both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity are triggered by what?
antigens
79
What is cell-mediated immunity particularly effective against?
1. intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi inside cells)
2. some cancer cells
3. foreign tissue transplants
80
Antibody-mediated immunity works mainly on what?
extracellular pathogens
viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are in body fluids outside of cells
81
Cell-mediated immunity always involves cells attacking what?
cells
82
What is antibody-mediated immunity also referred to as?
Humoral immunity
83
What is the process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (forms more highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen?
Clonal selection
84
The result of clonal selection is the formation of a population of identical
cells, called a _____, that can recognize the same specific antigen as the
original lymphocyte
Clone
85
Clonal selection of lymphocytes occurs where?
Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
86
A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selection gives rise to what two major types of cells in the clone?
1. Effector cells
| 2. Memory cells
87
What do the thousands of effector cells of a lymphocyte clone do?
carry out immune responses
ultimately result in the destruction or inactivation of the antigen
88
Effector cells include what?
1. Active helper T cells (part of helper T cell clone)
2. Active cytotoxic T cells (part of a cytotoxic T cell clone)
3. Plasma cells (part of a B cell clone)
89
What happens to most effector cells after the immune response has been completed?
they die
90
True or False
Memory cells do not actively participate in the initial immune response to the antigen
True
91
How do memory cells respond to antigens?
by proliferating and differentiating into more effector cells and more memory cells
92
Memory cells include what?
1. memory helper T cells ( part of a helper T cell clone)
2. memory cytotoxic T cells (part of a cytotoxic T cell clone)
3. memory B cells (part of a B cell clone)
93
What is the normal life span for a memory cell?
Most memory cells do not die at the end of an immune response. They often can last for decades
94
A what causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific T cells that react with it?
an antigen (antibody generator)
95
What is located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells?
Protein "self antigens" known as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins
96
Antigens induce what to secrete proteins known as antibodies?
plasma cells
97
How many polypeptide chains do most antibodies contain?
four
98
Antibodies belong to a group of plasma proteins called Globulins, for this reason they are known as Immunoglobulins. What are the 5 different classes?
```
GAMED
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
```
99
Because they appear first and are relatively short lived, the presence of IgM antibodies indicates what?
Recent invasion (infection, illness, etc.)
