STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Question 1

the functions of the skeletal system.

Answer 1

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral Homeostasis
Blood Cell Production
Triglyceride Storage

Question 2

types of bones

Answer 2

(1) Long bones: longer than wide
(a) Such as thigh, leg, arm, fingers, toes
(2) Short bones: almost cube shaped
(a) Most wrist and ankle bones
(3) Flat bones: thin and extensive surface
(a) Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
(4) Irregular bones: do not fit in the above categories
(a) Vertebrae, facial bones

Question 3

Parts of a long bone

Answer 3

(a) Diaphysis
1) The shaft
(b) Epiphyses
1) Ends of the long bone
(c) Metaphyses
1) Contains the “growth plate” (epiphyseal plate)
2) Located between the shaft and end of bone

Question 4

bone building cells

Answer 4

Osteoblasts-

Question 5

what maintains bone

Answer 5

Osteocytes

Question 6

Digest bone matrix for normal bone turnover

Answer 6

Osteoclasts

Question 7

Points of contact between bones

Answer 7

Joints

Question 8

Types of joints

Answer 8

1) Fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial

Question 9

Type of joint

no cavity, just dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 9

Fibrous

Question 10

Type of joint

no cavity, bones are held together by cartilage

Answer 10

Cartilaginous

Question 11

Type of joint
have synovial cavity and many other components such as
ligaments

Answer 11

Synovial

Question 12

Examples of fibrous joints:

Answer 12

1) Sutures
a) Located in the skull between bones of the skull (1Add strength to the joint
2) Interosseous membrane
a) Dense irregular tissue between long bones
(1 Radius-ulna
(2 Tibia-fibular

Question 13

Structure of Synovial Joints:

Answer 13

1) Synovial cavity: space containing fluid
2) Articular cartilage
3) Ligaments
4) Synovial membrane
5) Accessory ligaments
6) Articular discs (menisci)
a) Allows articulating bones to fit more tightly
7) Bursae
a) Sacs that contain synovial fluid
b) Located where friction can occur- decrease friction

Question 14

Hinge joints

Answer 14

1) Convex to concave surfaces

a) Allow flexion and extension only

Question 15

a. Composed of connective tissue

b. Found throughout the skeletal system

Answer 15

ligaments.

Question 16

function of ligaments.

Answer 16

connect bone to bone

d. Ligaments are commonly injured by spraining or tearing of ligaments.

Question 17

Tough band of fibrous connective tissue

Very dense and more capable of withstanding tension.

Answer 17

tendons.

Question 18

function of tendons.

Answer 18

connect muscle to bone

(1) Skeletal muscle contracts and moves bones via tendons

Question 19

Covers ends of bones

Answer 19

cartilage.

Question 20

function of cartilage.

Answer 20

b. Absorbs shock
c. Reduces friction
(1) Cartilage is in the joint, but it is not a cartilaginous joint.

Question 21

function and locations of bursa.

Answer 21

a. Decreases friction in areas where friction can occur with movement.
(1) Between the skin and bone
(2) Between tendons and bones
(3) Between muscles and bones
(4) Between ligaments and bones

Question 22

type of muscular tissue

(a) Mostly movement of bones/body parts
(b) Stabilize body positions

Answer 22

Skeletal

Question 23

type of muscular tissue

(a) Heart only
(b) Develops pressure for blood flow

Answer 23

Cardiac

Question 24

type of muscular tissue

Largely located in GI tract

Answer 24

Smooth

Question 25

Together these muscle systems have four major functions

Answer 25

(1) Produce body movements
(2) Stabilize body positions
(3) Store and move substances
(4) Produce heat

Question 26

Type of Movement:

decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Answer 26

Flexion:

Question 27

Type of Movement:

increase in angle between articulating bones

Answer 27

Extension:

Question 28

Type of Movement:
Bending beyond 180 degrees, such as moving humerus backwards behind
the anatomical plane

Answer 28

Hyperextension:

Question 29

Type of Movement:

movement of bone away from the midline

Answer 29

Abduction:

Question 30

Type of Movement:

movement of bone toward the midline

Answer 30

Adduction:

Question 31

Type of Movement:

movement of distal end in a circle

Answer 31

Circumduction:

Question 32

Type of Movement:

bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

Answer 32

Rotation:

Question 33

Type of Movement:

movement of the soles of the foot medially

Answer 33

Inversion:

Question 34

Type of Movement:

movement of the soles of the foot laterally

Answer 34

Eversion:

Question 35

Type of Movement:

bending foot toward the dorsum (standing on heels)

Answer 35

Dorsiflexion:

Question 36

Type of Movement:

bending the foot toward the plantar surface (standing on toes)

Answer 36

Plantarflexion: