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Hematology > Strom-1 > Flashcards

Strom-1 Flashcards

1
Q

What tube will prevent your blood sample from clotting ?

A

EDTA tube with the purple top. It chetalates the Ca and prevents the clot from forming

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2
Q

What would you stain this cell with ?

A

Eosin which is acidic and aromatic and will bring out the color in RBC’s

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3
Q

What would you stain this cell with and what does it do and what is its name ?

A

This Granulocyte is an Eosinophil (You stain with eosin) - It plays a key role in killing antibody coated parasites by releasing its granule contents. Granules contain mediators of inflammation and toxic compounds.

**Notice the bilobed nucleus and granules.

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4
Q

What kind of cell is this and what would you stain it with ?

A

It is a basophil and you stain it with methyline blue. This granulocyte controlls the immune responses to parasites.

* they are related to tissue mast cells and are the least abundant cell in the immune system.

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5
Q

What is the cell on the left and what is the cell on the right ?

A

The cell on the left is a Monocyte and the cell on the right is a lymphocyte

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6
Q

What kind of cell is this ?

A

A Neutrophil. This is the cell of acute inflammation and is the most abundant in the body

They can degranulate, phagocytose, and even kill invaders after they are dead

Segmented Nucleus

Ya they are storm troopers

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7
Q

Do monocytes have granules ?

A

No

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8
Q

Where do monocytes become macrophages ?

A

In the peripheral organs

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9
Q

What are the lymphocytes ?

A

T cells

B Cells

NK Cells

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10
Q

How can you tell a reactive lymphocytes from a normal lymphocyte ?

A

It iwll have more cytoplasm and a more prominant nucleus

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11
Q

When evaluating a smear what do you multiply the platelet number by ?

What do you multiply WBC’s by ?

A

20,000

300

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12
Q

When RBC’s vary by size …

A

Anisocytosis

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13
Q

When RBC’s vary in shape ?

A

Poikilocytosis

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14
Q

How can you evaluate the Hb content of a RBC ?

A

Center should be 1/3 the size of the total diameter and there should be no clear demarcation between the outside and periphery.

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15
Q

What are the regenerative signs of RBC’s ?

A

Diffusely baosphillic cells stppled cells and nucleated cells.

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16
Q

What are these cells ?

A

Immature Neutrophils which are called bands.

Notice the non-segmented horseshoe shaped nucleus

The less mature bean shaped nucleus will be a metamyelocyte

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17
Q

How can you differentiate bands from monocytes ?

A

Monocytes will be larger with grey cytoplasm

18
Q

What is strange about this neutrophil ?

A

Notice the toxic granulation in the cytoplasmic granules. This is indicative of an infection

19
Q

What kind of cells is this and what is strange about it ?

A

This is a Reactive Lymphocyte Notice the Large Nuclei and abundant cytoplasm

20
Q

What are the seven important aspects of the RBC that allow it to function properly

A
  1. Flexible Shape
  2. Durable membrane
  3. Maz Hb O2 capacity
  4. Offset Osmotic pressure
  5. Anti-Oxidant System
  6. Anaerobic energy supply
  7. Ability to avoid complement
21
Q

What are two unique molecules that allow the RBC its flexile shape

A

Ankryn and Spectrin

22
Q

What are the two aspects of the RBC anti-oxidant system ?

A

A way to reduce Methemoblobulin which requires NADH

Glutathionine Reductase which requires NADPH

23
Q

How are NADPH and NADH made by the RBC ?

A

NADH is made by Anaerobic glycolysis

NADPH is made by the pentose phosphate shunt

24
Q

What two molecules allow RBC’s to avoid complement ?

A

DAF and CD59

25
Q

What net concentration is mantained to off set the osmotic pressure of the RBC ?

A

Na / K ATPase which transports Sodium out and Potassium in. This requires ATP

26
Q

What is different about these RBC ‘s

A

They are normachromic notice they do not have enough hemaglobulin

27
Q

What is different about this RBC ?

A

Polychromasia which means production was accelerated and there is residual RNA

28
Q

What can happen if hemaglobulin precipitates ?

A

The shape of the RBC can be altered and result in a sickle cell.

If the Hb is oxidised the cell can be recognized by lymphocytes and degraded. Bite cells

29
Q

What are sliced RBC’s

A

Shistocytes

30
Q

What is hematocrit ?

A

The radio of Erythrocytes to total blood volume

31
Q

How does a hematology analyzer work ?

What are the steps ?

A

Spectrophotometry

Cells are stained with cyanide which stains them blue. The percent absorption of light will determine the RBC number

32
Q

What is a reticulocyte ?

How can a hematology analyzer pick these up ?

A

An immature RBC ?

Instead of cyanide you stain the sample with methyline blue which will stain the RNA left in the cell so absorption will pick up the immature cells

33
Q

How does a coulter chamber work

How would you interpret this readout ?

A

Measures conductivity

The number of peaks will be the cell count and the peak heigth will be the cell volume

FOR DIRECT CURRENT

34
Q

How can you calculate Hematocrit ?

What is MCH ?

A

RBC x MCV (Mean Cell Volume )

Mean Cell Hemaglobulin

35
Q

In the coulter Chamber how will you interpret this chart for Indirect Current ?

INDIRECT CURRENT

A

Peak Heigth will equal cell complexity NOT CELL VOLUME WHICH WAS IN DIRECT CURRENT

CELL COMPLEXITY IS LOBULATED NUCLEI

36
Q

If a cell has a highly complex nuclei what does that mean ?

A

It is segmented

37
Q

What does a hematology analyzer do ?

A

Conductivity

38
Q

How can you determine the immature platelet fraction ?

A

Use a RNA selective die in your sample and a laser in the flow cytometer that picks up the RNA.

Immature Platelet Fraction (IPF) will be indicated by the platelets with RNA still in them

39
Q

If a patient has thrombocytopenia what can you expect from the IPF ?

A

It will go up

40
Q

What is the normal turnover on platelets ?

A

The oldest 11 % are eliminated per day

41
Q

Describe the platelet turnover in a patient with thrombocytopena ?

A
42
Q

What 4 things can a hematology analyzer not count ?

A

Bands

Blasts

Red Cell Fragments

Platelet Clumps

Hematology (12 decks)

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