Stroke (Final Exam) Flashcards
What are non-modifiable risk factors for stroke? (3)
1) age: doubles each decade after 55
2) gender: more common in men
3) ethnicity: higher incidence in African Americans
What are 9 modifiable risk factors for stroke?
1) HYPERTENSION
2) heart disease
3) serum cholesterol
4) smoking
5) obesity/no exercise
6) sleep apnea
7) metabolic syndrome
8) poor diet
9) drug/alcohol abuse
What 2 arteries supply blood to the brain?
1) internal carotid artery
2) vertebral arteries
what is the Circle of Willis?
the internal carotid artery and vertebral arteries branch out and connect together forming the Circle of Willis
Regulation of cerebral blood flow: cell death occurs in _______ if blood flow is stopped and is not supplied with oxygen
5 mins
Increased CO2 = Increased ___
Decreased O2 = Increased ___
Increased CO2 = Increased CBF
Decreased O2 = Increased CBF
What factors effect CBF? (3)
- systemic BP
- cardiac output
- blood viscosity
What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia but without an acute infarction of the brain, attacks last 5 mins
A history of TIA leads to an?
increased risk for stroke
Symptoms of TIA (6) usually last ______
Symptoms typically last less than 1 hour: tinnitus, vertigo, blurred vision, ataxia, dysphagia, bilateral numbness/weakness
Prevention of stroke for TIA?
oral low-dose aspirin therapy (inhibits platelet aggregation to prevent a stroke after a TIA)
Describe the functions of the right side of the brain (6)
1) creativity, music, art
2) maintains attention span/emotions
3) ability to solve everyday problems
4) reasoning (understanding jokes)
5) makes judgement calls
6) memory recalls
Describe the functions of the left side of the brain? (3)
(Left = Logical)
1) thinking
2) speaking
3) writing
Clinical manifestations of a stroke on the right side of the brain (s/s manifested on the LEFT side) (7)
1) left sided weakness (hemiplegia)
2) confused on date, time, place
3) left side neglect
4) short attention span
5) spatial-perceptual orientation (parietal lobe)
6) agnosia (visual recognition)
7) apraxia
Clinical manifestations on the left side of brain (s/s manifested on the RIGHT side of the body) (5)
1) aphasia (trouble forming words)
2) agraphia (issues with writing)
3) experiences depression, anger, frustration
4) slow performance
5) impaired comprehension related to language and math
What are two types of strokes?
1) ischemic
2) hemorrhagic
ischemic strokes result from?
inadequate blood flow to the brain and occlusion of an artery
2 types of ischemic strokes?
- thrombotic
- embolic
Describe thrombotic ischemic stroke (3)
- most common cause of stroke
- process of clot formation (thrombosis) = narrowing of the lumen, blocking the passage of blood through the artery
- associated with hypertension, diabetes, precedes TIA
Describe embolic ischemic stroke (4)
- embolus: blood clot or other debris circulating in the blood either from a HEART VALVE OR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- lodges a narrow artery in the brain and blocks the cerebral artery
- results in INFARCTION and EDEMA of the area supplied by the vessel
- manifestations are less common, patient remains conscious
2 types of hemorrhagic stroke?
1) intracerebral
2) subarachnoid
Describe hemorrhagic strokes
burst blood vessel may allow blood to seep into it and damage brain tissues until clotting shuts off the leak
Causes of hemorrhagic stroke (3)
1) brain aneurysm
2) uncontrolled hypertension
3) old age (vessels are not resilient)
Describe intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke (5), clinical manifestations (5)
1) bleeding within the brain caused by a RUPTURE of a vessel
2) most common cause: HYPERTENSION
3) occurs during activity
4) sudden onset of progression over minutes to hours
5) clinical manifestations: headache, nausea/vomiting, decreased LOC, hypertension
