Stroke Flashcards
What are the 2 types of stroke and what percentage of cases does each make up?
Ischaemic stroke - 85% of cases
Haemorrhagic stroke - 15% of cases
Ischaemic stroke can be caused by which 2 things?
Thrombotic occlusion
Embolic occlusion
What is the main risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke?
Raised BP
Thrombotic and embolic occlusions in ischaemic stroke mostly come from which 2 sources?
Large artery atherosclerosis
Cardio-embolism
In large artery atherosclerosis, which layer of the artery is damaged? How does this lead to plaque formation?
Tunica intima - exposure of underlying connective tissue to platelets, resulting in platelet aggregation and plaque formation
Small vessel disease involves which key pathology which causes hardening of the arterioles?
Hyaline arteriosclerosis
What type of damage is seen in small vessel disease?
Lacunar infarcts
Lacunar infarcts are associated with which pathology?
Vascular dementia
What are the 2 main types of haemorrhagic bleeds?
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
What are the 2 main causes of intracerebral haemorrhage in stroke?
Chronic hypertension
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
What are the 2 main causes of subarachnoid haemorrhage in stroke?
Ruptured aneurysm
Arteriovenous malformation
What can trigger a secondary brain infarction?
Breakdown of blood, which releases toxins, which causes vasospasm
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy overlaps with which other pathology?
Alzheimer’s disease
What are the 4 classifications of ischaemic strokes based on the Oxford / Bamford classification?
TACS (total anterior circulation syndrome)
PACS (partial anterior circulation syndrome)
POCS (posterior circulation syndrome)
LACS (lacunar syndrome)
What is the ischaemic penumbra in a stroke?
The area of tissue surrounding the core infarct
Large quantities of which substance triggers delayed neuronal cell death in stroke?
Nitric oxide
