Stroke

Question 1

Define stroke

Answer 1

sudden onset of rapidly developing focal/global neurological disturbance -> lasts more than 24hrs/death

Question 2

List the 7 parts of the brain and their function

Answer 2

cerebrum - higher functions (dominant - speech, language, non-dominant - intuition)
frontal - reasoning, judgement
parietal - motor/sensory
cerebellum - balance
brainstem - medulla controls HR, respirations
occipital - visual (colour, depth perception, pattern, motion)
temporal - auditory, long term memory

Question 3

List the functions of the brain

Answer 3

• regulatory centre for body function
• sensation
• seat of consciousness
• emotions
• higher mental processes

Question 4

What is the primary regulator for CNS blood flow?

Answer 4

CO2

Question 5

What does the brain continuously require?

Answer 5

O2

Question 6

What happens to every 100 stroke patients?

Answer 6

10 recover
15 die
75 are permanently disabled

Question 7

Define transient ischaemic heart attack (TIA)

Answer 7

Acute loss of focal cerebral/ocular function with symptoms lasting LESS THAN 24hrs due to inadequate blood supply due to low BF, thrombosis/embolism associated with diseases of blood vessels, heart or blood

Question 8

Describe how a thrombotic stroke occurs

Answer 8

Blood clot (thrombus) blocks flow of blood in brain

Question 9

Describe how an embolic stroke occurs

Answer 9

Fatty plaque/blood clot (embolism) breaks away and flows to brain where it blocks and artery

Question 10

Define subarachnoid

Answer 10

between brain and skull

Question 11

Define intracerebral

Answer 11

within in the brain

Question 12

Describe how an intracerebral haemorrhage occurs

Answer 12

rupture of vessels into brain substance

Question 13

Describe how a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) occurs and what symptoms would be shown

Answer 13

rupture of vessels into subarachnoid space

- sudden onset of severe headache & vomiting, neck stiffness, loss of consciousness

Question 14

Describe the effect of ischaemia in stroke

Answer 14

lack of circulating blood deprives neurons of O2

Question 15

describe the effect of haemorrhage in stroke

Answer 15

extravascular release of blood causes damage by cutting of connecting pathways –> pressure injury

Question 16

List possible causes of stroke

Answer 16

atherosclerosis
HPT
smoking
diabetes
Heart disease - AF

Question 17

What does CBF depend on?

Answer 17

degree of obstruction

Question 18

Describe what is activated in ischaemic apoptosis

Answer 18

suicide proteins that trigger an autolytic process mediated by DNA cleavage

Question 19

Define apoptosis

Answer 19

programmed cell death