stressors studies

Question 1

intensified training - Fahman and Engels 2005

Answer 1

american football season
periods of higher intensified training
number of urti increased, saliva iga dropped which conincided with infections

Question 2

intensified training - Gleeson 2013

Answer 2

drop in saliva IGA levels from baseline periods when intensified training, 4% drop increased chance of illness, over season accumulated stress

Question 3

intensified training - Keaney 2021

Answer 3

whether stressor itself or intensified training or something else causing URTI

Question 4

Travel - Keaney 2018

Answer 4

2-5 fold increase in URI symptoms in response to long haul flight

Question 5

Travel - Schwellnus 2012

Answer 5

travel to international destinations were >5 hour time zone difference lead to 2-3 fold increase in risk of illness

Question 6

schwellnus 2019 and keaney 2021

Answer 6

illness preventions strategies in lead up to and during long haul flight can reduce number of URTI in athletes

Question 7

Extreme environments - Walsh and Oliver 2016

Answer 7

core temp remains within 2 degrees of normal baseline, does not appear to cause further immunosuppression than exercise in thermo neutral environment

Question 8

Extreme environments - Rhind 1999

Answer 8

thermal clamp study
increase in core temp
increases hormones, cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline
influence stress pathways, immune cells susceptible to hormones, increase in immune cell number

Question 9

Extreme environments - walsh and oliver 2016

Answer 9

heat does not influence illness susceptibility
influences t cell mediated respond, decreased
dehydration not too much impact some effect on saliva mucosal secretion
cold and altitude increase illness susceptibility
acute mountain sickness mirrors normal illness symptoms

Question 10

Extreme environments - Foxman 2016

Answer 10

Rhinovirus replicates more easily in cool temperatures which can occur in nasal passage (33-35 degrees)

Question 11

Sleep - Walsh 2021

Answer 11

athletes sleep less than 7 hours per night, poor sleep quality, due to international travel, caffeine consumption, night matches, early training sessions

Question 12

Sleep - Romanhi 2021

Answer 12

Covid 19 further disruption in sleep especially in older, individual and elite athletes

Question 13

Sleep - Mullington 2010

Answer 13

chronic sleep disturbance can lead to disruption of normal circadian rhythm
associated with inflammation and desynchronisation of immune variables
increased risk of infection

Question 14

Sleep - Ingam 2015

Answer 14

1 night sleep disturbance
primes immune system
enhances immunosurveillance during early recovery from exercise
migration of cytoxic T cells and NK cells to potential sites of infection

Question 15

Sleep - Peake 2017

Answer 15

1 night complete sleep deprivation
shift from type 1 cytokine profile to type 2 cytokine profile
more susceptible to infection

Question 16

Sleep - Prather 2015

Answer 16

chronic sleep disturbance
less than 5 or 5-6 hours sleep per night
7 days with poor sleep quality
increased risk of developing common cold, intra-nasal inoculation compared to those who get 7 hours or more

Question 17

Psychological stress - Edwards 2016

Answer 17

athletes experience psychological stress both in sport (examples) and in life (examples)
level of state anxiety (right now) and perceived stress (life stress in last month) reported before exercise modify immune response to subsequent exercise

individual reporting moderate state anxiety before exercise had greater immune respondent after subsequent exercise of various intensities and durations than those