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Health Psychology > Stress Worksheet > Flashcards

Stress Worksheet Flashcards

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1
Q

The activation of what brain region triggers the stress system

A

The hypothalamus

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2
Q

How many axis are there in the stress system?

A

2 axis

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3
Q

What are the names of the axis in the stress system

A

SAM
- Sympathetic neurons, Adrenal Medulla
HPA
- Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal cortex

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the SAM axis

A

-acts fast through the nervous system
-causes the release of epinephrine

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the HPA axis

A
  • acts slower through hormones
  • causes the release of cortisol
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6
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in the stress response?

A
  • Treat detection
  • necessary for fear conditioning involving explicit cues
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7
Q

What is the role of the locus coeruleus in the stress response?

A

-Startle response

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8
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in the stress response?

A
  • Bind fear to context
  • required for fear conditioning in a particular context or location
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9
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the stress response?

A
  • evaluation of fear
  • works with the amygdala
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10
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus

A
  • Keeps body in homeostatic state
  • Activates axis
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11
Q

What were the findings of the shutter box experiment?

A
  • a button that does not control the shocks increases learned helplessness
  • a cage with uncontrollable shocks increases learned helplessness
  • Longer escape latency indicates more learned helplessness
  • Freezing indicates more learned helplessness
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12
Q

Mineralocorticoid receptors

A
  • high affinity for cortisol at rest
    -sets baseline levels of cortisol
    -if there are less receptors this results in a higher baseline
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13
Q

Glucocorticoid Receptors

A
  • low affinity for cortisol at rest
    -involved in stress response recovery
    -less receptors causes slower recovery
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14
Q

How does exercise training affect stress receptor levels?

A

increases glucocorticoid receptors speeding up recovery time

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15
Q

Type I immune cells
-T cell type
-Immunity
-immune protection
-immune pathology

A
  • T Helper I
  • cell-mediated
  • viruses, bacteria and cancer
    -autoimmunity
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16
Q

Type 2 immune cells
-T cell type
-Immunity
-immune protection
-immune pathology

A
  • T Helper 2
    -Humoral (extracellular)
    -Parasites
    -allergies
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17
Q

What happens to immune cells when under stress?

A

-decrease in T Helper 1 and increase in T Helper 2
- Causes an increased risk for viruses, bacteria and caner, as well as allergies

18
Q

How do SSRI drugs work?

A

They block the reuptake of serotonin into the pre-synaptic cell increasing serotonin availability within the synapse

19
Q

Why do SSRI drugs not work for people with drug-resistant depression

A

Depression is caused by inflammation, not lack of serotonin

20
Q

Describe the study preformed by Paolucci et al. on the benefit of exercise for depression

A

-Compared HITT and MCT under high level stress
-measured anxiety, depression, stress and inflammation
-found that both increased resistance to depression and MCT decreased stress and inflammation

21
Q

Describe the study preformed by Rethorst et al on the benefit of exercise for depression

A
  • Individuals with drug resistant depression performed a 12 week exercise program
    -everyone benefited from the program
    -those with high TNF alpha had greatest reduction in symptoms
    -indicates that exercise may be medicine for non-responders
22
Q

Explain the effects of reappraisal vs ignoring stressors

A

Reappraisal causes a decrease in vasoconstriction, increase in cardiac efficiency and decrease in great negativity bias

23
Q

Should everyone be advised to use positive affirmations to improve mood?

A

No
-high self-esteem = boosted mood with affirmations
- low self-esteem = felt worse with affirmations
- need to believe the affirmations

24
Q

What brain region is associated with PTSD

A

the amygdala

25
Q

How may mindfulness meditation help PTSD

A

By activating the pre-frontal cortex to inhibit the amygdala

26
Q

Def: Stressor

A

Anything that disrupts homeostasis

27
Q

Selyes generalized adaptive syndrome

A

A common response to all stressors that help mobilize energy to help defeat the threat

28
Q

How are exercise and psychological stress similar and different?

A
  • Exercise Stress: Voluntary and acute
  • Psychological Stress: Involuntary and chronic
29
Q

Nocebo Effect

A

Negative effect produced by a sham treatment that cannot be attributed to the properties of the treatment itself and therefore, must be due to the patient’s belief in that treatment

30
Q

Fear conditioning

A

-Repeatedly pairing an innocuous cue (CS) with a threat (US)
- Eventually innocuous cue (CS) alone evokes fear

31
Q

What can prevent learned helplessness?

A
  • Gaining control over the situation
  • Regular physical exercise
32
Q

Allostasis

A

Stability through change

33
Q

How does chronic stress make us anxious

A

Reduces GRs by adding methyl group to GR genes
- Exercise remove methyl from GR genes

34
Q

Can psychological stress increase your susceptibility to infectious diseases?

A

Psychological stress is associated with an increase in your susceptibility to infectious diseases

35
Q

How can vaccine injections affect your mood

A

Cause negative mood states
-increase inflammatory cytokines
-cytokines interact with amygdala to increase social withdrawal

36
Q

Can chronic physical illness cause depression

A
  • Chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with depressive symptoms
  • 12 weeks of cytokine therapy for cancer increased rates of major depression
  • Depressed individuals who are otherwise healthy have higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
37
Q

How does psychological distress alter the brain?

A

AMYGDALA: experiences neural growth and hyperactivity
PCF AND HIPPOCAMPUS: neural shrinkage and hypoactivity

38
Q

Def: Resiliency

A

Adapting well in the face of adversity

39
Q

Effect of exercise on resiliency

A

Exercise increases our resilience to psychological distress

40
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

Rewires the brain to help you rewrite the narrative about fear

41
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

Reduces psychological distress by bolstering the PFC and its inhibition of the amygdala

Health Psychology (8 decks)

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