stress studies backwards Flashcards
Investigated whether there was a connection between stress and catching a cold. 394 participants-questionnaires on number of stressful life events, degree of stress, level of emotional stability. 82% of participants with high level stress had a cold-more chance of cold with stress-more stress= worse immune system. However there’s no cause and effect.
Cohen (stress + the immune system)
Exams-stress. 75 medical students (volunteers). Natural experiment. Repeated measure- Blood taken month b4 and during exams. Tested T cell activity-questionnaires on negative life vents and loneliness. Lower T cell during exams. Even lower in participants with lots of negative life effects and loneliness.
Kiecolt Glaser (stress + the immune system)
whether SRRS correlated with illness. 2500 American sailors were given SRRS to assess amount of life events in past 6 months - total score calculated- health record was kept over last 6 months. - Correlation analysis. Found positive correlation +0.118.
Holmes and Rahi (life changes)
Investigating whether there was a correlation between daily hassles and illness. 100 45-64 yr old participants, 4 questionnaires-Hassles scale, uplifts scale, life event, health status. Found hassles correlated with health more than life events and daily hassles had little effect.
Anita DeLongis et al (daily hassles)
workplace stress and illness correlation? 10,308 civil servants 35-55 (67%men33%women) three year longitude study. Amount of job control was measured through self-report survey- stress related illness records were kept. Low job control=more stress-more likely to die from heart attack. More likely to suffer from stress related illness such as strokes. Negative correlation between job control and illness.
Marmot et al (workplace stress-control)
Whether work stressors= stress related illness. 14 finishers (isolated, low control) compared with 10 cleaners (sociable and high control) urine sample for adrenaline and nor every day. Illness records were kept. Finishers had more adrenaline and nor and more illness. Work stressors=illness.
Johansson et al (workplace stress-workload)
type A=more likely to develop coronary heart disease. 3200 California men 39-59. Structured interviews assessed if they were type A,B, X(mix). Longitude study- 8 1/2 years. 257 had heart disease, 70% were type A. Type A behaviour increases vulnerability to heart disease
Friedman and roseman (personality factors)
Kobasa argued there are differences in the way individuals deal with stress. People who deal the best have hardiness- they have the 3 c’s-control (over their life), commitment (don’t give up), challenge (see change as a challenge instead of a threat).
Hardiness- Kobasa (personality factors)
controls adrenaline (fight or flight) which increases heartbeat and blood pressure. Can be taken twice a day in order to maintain blood pressure levels. Taylor found them beneficial in reducing anxiety in musicians and public speakers and enhanced their performance.
Stress management- Anti anxiety drugs- Beta blockers
most used AAD, most common in valium and labium. They send messages to other nerves and the body as a whole. Releases GABA which is the body’s natural form of anxiety relief. .
stress management- Anti Anxiety Drugs-benzodiazepines
physiological technique in which a person becomes in-tune with their body. Four processes- FEEDBACK- Connected to a machine, which provides feedback about body activity, RELAXATION- taught relaxation techniques to reduce stress, LEARNING-if they successfully decrease heart rate or blood pressure this is rewarding and you can learn it. TRANSFER- patient transfers these skills in stressful encounters through relaxation.
Stress management-biofeedback
Kabasa argued that if we increase our hardiness, we decrease our sense of stress- focusing, relieving stress situations and self-improvement.
Hardiness training
prevents stress in 1st place, Developed by Meichembaum-3 phases- assessing what stresses each client, client learns strategies to cope with stress, application in real life.
Stress inoculation training
