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Life Protection > Stress, illness and Coping > Flashcards

Stress, illness and Coping Flashcards

1
Q

How does stress affect health?

A
  • causes ill health and reduced QoL
  • can lead to increase i help-seeking behaviours (e.g. medical Rx)
  • often leads to a loss of working days (this is often used a measure of stress)

=> most common work-related illness

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2
Q

How is stress quantified?

A

often look at ‘loss of working days’ as a measure of stress

e.g. in Labour force survey, as this is the most common element of reporting seen for sickness absence

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3
Q

What is the trend for stress between sexes

A

WOMEN: report higher stress and have higher rates of reporting

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4
Q

Which occupations have the highest stress rates?

A
  • health professionals
  • public admin
  • defence
  • teachers

[highest prevalence]

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5
Q

What is meant by ‘STRESSOR’ in stress perception?’

A
  • threats
  • demands
  • challenges

can be real or imaginary

these are the perceived stimuli which cause stress

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6
Q

What are the main types of ‘STRESS RESPONSES?’

A
  • emotional
  • physiological
  • behavioural
  • Cognitive

‘multidimensional (di)stress response’

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7
Q

What is ‘STRAIN’ in stress perception?

A

The consequence on that individual of experiencing acute or chronic stress

e.g. high BP, high HR, churning stomach, anxiety

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8
Q

What stress responses are considered PHYSIOLOGICAL?

A
  • HR
  • BP
  • Immune system
  • ANS
    (Hypothalamic/pituitary axis, sympathetic/adrenal/medullary axis)
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9
Q

What stress responses are considered EMOTIONAL?

A
  • anxiety
  • sadness
  • anger
  • hopelessness
  • guilt
  • numbness
  • shame
  • fear
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10
Q

What stress responses are considered COGNITIVE?

A
  • worry
  • memory
  • concentration/confusion
  • obsessive
  • intrusive thoughts
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11
Q

What stress responses are considered BEHAVIOURAL?

A

escape and avoidance

  • drugs/EtOH
  • violence
  • social withdrawal
  • exercise
  • distraction tasks

Confrontation
- violence

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12
Q

What kind of construct is stress?

A

Bio-psycho-social

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13
Q

What are the different types of STRESSORS in a stress response?

A
  1. External traumatic
  2. Internal conflicts
  3. Life events
  4. Unpredictable
    5 Everyday events/daily hassles
  5. Environmental
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14
Q

What are EXTERNAL TRAUMATIC stressors?

A
  • real threat of serious injury or death
  • murder, assault etc
  • war
  • natural disasters

These are ABSOLUTE stressors = real threat to survival

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15
Q

What are INTERNAL CONFLICT stressors?

A
  • indecision
  • uncertainty
  • guilt
  • fear of rejection
  • fear of failure
  • envy

these are IMAGINARY/RELATIVE stressors caused by threat perception
“What if…?”

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16
Q

What are LIFE EVENT stressors?

A
  • marriage
  • divorce
  • bereavement
  • important exams
17
Q

What are UNPREDICTABLE stressors?

A
  • acute health events
  • sudden illness Dx
  • accident
  • bullying
  • relationship breakdown
18
Q

What are EVERYDAY EVENT stressor?

A
  • commuting
  • mishaps
  • exams
  • being late
  • social gatherings
19
Q

What are ENVIRONMENTAL stressors?

A
  • unsafe neighbourhoods
  • loud noise
  • increased risk
  • work deadlines
  • hot climate temperatures
20
Q

What are the types of SOCIAL EVALUATIVE STRESSORS?

A
  • threats to social status (e.g. bereavement, retirement, disability)
  • Social esteem+self worth (social position, role change, disability)
  • Acceptance within community ( peer pressure, conformity, stigma, loneliness)
  • Threats (no control over): antisocial behaviour, stalking, financial or political threats, BREXIT)
21
Q

What are the PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL factors that influence stress?

A
  • Biomedical: hunger, tireless, pain
  • Psychological: personality, self-esteem hostility, resilience
  • Social: gender, education, neglect, deprivation
  • Culture: socially expected behaviour, conformity

Stress does not affect all people equally

22
Q

What factors increase the perception of stress?

A

Stressors that are:

  • uncontrollable
  • unpredictable
  • novel

[Mason 1968, Lupien 2006]

23
Q

How does CONTROL affect perceive stress?

A

Having control or responsibility can significantly improve/reduce stress

perception of control (regardless of whether it is used) can remove the stressor effect

[Langer and Rodin, 1976)

24
Q

How does PREDICTABILITY affect stress perception?

A

Lack of predictability associated with elevated stress perception (+ increased salivary cortisol levels)

25
Q

What is stress?

A

physical and emotional response to any situation that is perceived as overwhelming

Depends on specific psychobiological determinants that tigger stress response in a given individual

26
Q

How does time factor into stress perception?

A

can be a factor in stress perception

but (lack of) time is not a defined component of stress itself

27
Q

What are the 3 models of stress?

A

Stress Response (physiological): GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

Stress stimuli: LIFE CHANGE MODEL

Stress as a process (interplay between us and environment/others): TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

28
Q

What is the GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME?

A

= Stress response model

stress stimulates a series of non-specific universal physiological responses

3 response stages:

  • Alarm reaction
  • Resistance
  • Exhaustion
29
Q

What occur in the various stages of the general adaptation syndrome model of stress?

A

ALARM: HPLA and SAM responses occur following identification of stress. This is a short phase with acute stressor

RESISTANCE: occurs with chronic stressors, acute response is switched off but homeostasis cannot be returned
Cellular resistance can cause tissue damage

EXHAUSTION: Consequence of maladaptive resistance response, whereby its will impact normal function
e.g. immune dysfunction, CVS mortality etc

30
Q

What are the main components of the human stress response?

A
  • homeostasis
  • alarm stage
  • resistance
  • exhaustion

[correlate with Selye’s general adaption syndrome]

31
Q

How does the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) fare in modern living?

A

modern life = chronic stress mostly

So missing stage is the recovery phase (perpetuate the resistance and exhaustion phases)

32
Q

What are the limitations of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A
  • assumes AUTOMATIC response to EXTERNAL stressors
  • all stressors do NOT produce the same physiological, responses. They each produce specific responses for that individual
  • Individual psychos coal factors are not taken into account

Life Protection (30 decks)

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