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Psychology > Stress as a psychobiological process > Flashcards

Stress as a psychobiological process Flashcards

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1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

A network of neurons that carry info between the CNS and organs & glands to ensure they are regulated without conscious awareness.

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2
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

A network of neurons responsible for initiating voluntary movements.

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3
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains homeostasis and calms the body down after vigorous activity.

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4
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for vigorous activity.

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5
Q

Fight-Flight-Freeze

(Freeze is sympathetic and parasympathetic)

A

Initiated by the sympathetic nervous system and prepares the body to confront a stressful situation to optimize survival chances.

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6
Q

Spinal Reflex

A

An automatic response that is initiated by neurons in the spinal cord, independent of the brain.

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7
Q

Neurotransmission

A

Electrochemical communication between neurons

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Fast acting, short lived, localized chemical substances released by terminal buttons: necessary for neural communication.

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9
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Slow acting, long lasting chemical messengers that enhance neural communication. Act outside of synapse.

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10
Q

Excitatory

A

Increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

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11
Q

Inhibitory

A

decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

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12
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved in learning and memory.

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13
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter associated with calming feelings of stress, anxiety or fear.

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14
Q

Dopamine

A

Neuromodulator primarily responsible for voluntary motor movement, the experience of pleasure and reward-based learning.

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15
Q

Serotonin

A

A neuromodulator primarily responsible for the regulation of mood and sleep.

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16
Q

sprouting

A

Formation of new neural connections to create new neural pathways.

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17
Q

Rerouting

A

The establishment of alternate synaptic pathways to avoid damaged neurons.

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18
Q

Pruning

A

Removing unnecessary synapses in order to create useful neural pathways more efficient.

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19
Q

Similarities between LTP and LTD (list 3)

A

-Both are forms of long lasting neural plasticity
-Both occur at glutamate synapses
-Both are actively dependent
-Involve glutamate
-Involve changes in excitability
-long lasting effects

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20
Q

Examples of Internal Stressors

A

-Hunger (bio)
-Illness (bio)
-Pessimistic attitudes (psych)
-Low self-esteem (psych)

21
Q

Examples of External Stressors

A

-Upcoming exam
-Financial difficulties
-Relationship conflicts
-Being overworked

22
Q

Physiological stress responses

A

-Headache
-Cold/flu symptoms
-Skin rashes
-Heart palpitations

23
Q

Psychological stress responses

A

-Changes to sleep and eating habits
-irritability and aggression
-decreased concentration
-impaired memory

24
Q

Cortisol

A

a hormone that
is released in times of
stress to aid the body in
initiating and maintaining
heightened arousal

25
Q

S.C.A.R.E

A

Shock
Countershock
Alarm reaction
Resistance
Exhaustion

26
Q

Countershock

A

F-F-F response activated.
Cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline released into bloodstreamto help combat stress.

27
Q

Shock

A

When we first become aware of the stressor, our body enters a temporary state of shock where our ability to deal with a stressor falls below normal.

28
Q

Resistance

A

Physiological arousal is at a level above normal.
All necessary physiological processes are shut down.
Steroid hormones continue to be released.
Cortisol suppresses immune system activity.Body’s resistance to the particular stressor rises above normal.

29
Q

Con of cortisol

A

Prolonged presence can have detrimental effects as it suppresses autoimmune functions.

30
Q

Exhaustion

A

Body no longer possesses resources to cope with stressor, resulting in increased physical and mental disorders.

31
Q

Strengths of G.A.S

A

-Helps us better understand the links between stress and disease
-Raised awareness on the effects stress had on physical health
-identifies physiological aspects of stress

32
Q

Limitations of G.A.S

A

-Does not acknowledge how individual differences may affect physiological stress responses
-Experiements only tested on rats
-overemphasises physiological aspects of stress

33
Q

Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping

A

States that stress involves an interaction between an individual and their environment

34
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Evaluating the demands of a stressor. We can deem a stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful

35
Q

Secondary stage of primary appraisal

A

(Only if stressor is deemed stressful) Evaluated as a harm/loss, threat or challenge

36
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Evaluate coping options and resources

37
Q

Strengths of L&F

A

-emphasizes psychological component of stress
-experiments were conducted on humans so can be more generalised

38
Q

Limitations of L&F

A

-Appraisal is often unconscious and immediate: hard to isolate primary and secondary for experimental purposes
-Appraisal is subjective

39
Q

LTP

A

Refers to the long lasting strengthening of synaptic connections, resulting in enhanced efficiency of neural transmission.

40
Q

LTD

A

Refers to the long lasting weakening of synaptic connections, which reduces efficiency of neural transmission.

41
Q

Gut-Brain axis

A

Bidirectional connection and communication pathway between the gut microbiome and brain.

42
Q

GBA and links to stress

A

Balance of helpful and unhelpful bacteria in the gut can influence levels of stress.

43
Q

Vagus nerve

A

links the CNS and enteric nervous systems.

44
Q

Coping flexibility

A

The ability to modify our coping strategies to adapt and meet the demands of different stressful situations.

45
Q

Context-specific effectiveness

A

A coping strategy is considered context specific when it matches or is appropriate to the stressful situations.

46
Q

Physiological changes during shock

A

-decreased body temp
-temporary loss of muscle tone

47
Q

Physiological changes during countershock

A

-increased heart rate
-increased energy supply

48
Q

Acute stress

A

Intense psychological and physiological symptoms that are brief in duration

49
Q

Chronic stress

A

Stress that endures for several months

Psychology (3 decks)

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