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MOD > Stress and Physical adaptations > Flashcards

Stress and Physical adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

the way in which a living organism or any of its components function

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2
Q

physiology relies on normal structure and function which are:

A

structure: the way the human body is put together
function: the normal actions and roles of a body part and the way parts interact with each other

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3
Q

Stress is defined as the bodies reaction to_______________________.

A

Stress is defined as the bodies reaction to.harmful forces that are capable of disturbing homeostasis.

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4
Q

Stress is defined as the _______________________

A

Stress is defined as the bodies reaction to harmful forces that are capable of disturbing homeostasis.

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5
Q

work family and responsibilities are an example of

A

routine stress

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6
Q

losing a job, the death of a loved one, and finals week are examples of

A

episodic acute stress

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7
Q

major accidents, war, assault and natural disaster are examples of

A

traumatic stress

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8
Q

Which type of stress contains the “element of hopelessness”

A

traumatic stress

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9
Q

a stressor is anything that

A

disturbs homeostasis or equilibrium

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10
Q

adaptation is any ______ in order to ______

A

any response in order to restore homeostasis

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11
Q

What is the difference between fear and anxiety

A

fear is a response to an immediate danger whereas anxiety is a response soley from your own thoughts

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12
Q

What are some factors about an individual that can affect the way an individual responds to stress

A

age, general health, social support, genetic influences, nurture influences

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of stressors that can affect how much of an impact they make to someone’s daily life.

A

type of stressor
persistence of stressor
perception of stressor

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14
Q

endogenous stressors are ________

A

inside stressors

ex. dehydration, anxiety, sick feeling

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15
Q

exogenous stressors are _________

A

outside stressors

ex. a death in the family, increased demands at work

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16
Q

Fight or flight response (4 facts)

A

meant to protect the person against acute threats to the body and homeostasis
normally time limited
useful especially in immediate physical threats
not so useful to stressor like work or exams.

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17
Q

stress activates the ______ nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system

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18
Q

stress suppresses the _______ nervous system

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

The brainstems response to stress is to ________________________________________ to perceived threats

stimulates_______ and _______

A

the brainstems response to stress is to coordinate the response of our body to percieved threats.

stimulates ANS and controls reflexes

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20
Q

the ____________ response to stress is to coordinate the response of our body to percieved threats.

A

brainstems

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21
Q

The autonomic nervous systems response to stress is to _______________________________

A

the autonomic nervous systems response to stress is to initiate the fight or flight response.

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22
Q

the __________________ response to stress is to initiate the fight or flight response.

A

autonomic nervous systems

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23
Q

What are the main systems in the body that are increased by the ANS when a stressor is present. (There are 5)

A

HR, BP, RR, Pupil dilation, blood flow to skeletal muscle, heart and lungs.

24
Q

What are the main systems in the body that are decreased by ANS when a stressor is present. (there are 2) and what is it coordinated by?

A

gastric function and blood flow to other viscera (internal organs)
coordinated by the locus caeruleus.

25
Q

During stress the _____________ regulates cognitive activities such as focus, planning, attention and persistance.

A

cerebral cortex

26
Q

During stress the cerebral cortex regulates ______________ such as ________, _____________, ___________ and ___________

A

cognitive activities
focus, planning, attention, persistance.

27
Q

During stress the ____________ regulates emotional activities and the reticular activating system

A

limbic system

28
Q

During stress the limbic system regulates ____________________ and ______________

A

emotional activities and the reticular activating system

29
Q

What is the purpose of the reticular activating system (RAS)

A

increases alertness, muscle tension, and stimulates ANS.

30
Q

During stress the ___________ regulates and intensifies sensory input such as vision, hearing and smell

A

thalamus

31
Q

During stress the thalamus regulates and intensifies _______________ such as _________, __________ and ________

A

sensory input
vision, hearing, smell

32
Q

During stress the ____________ regulates stress hormones and acts on the ANS

A

hypothalamus.

33
Q

During stress the hypothalamus regulates _________________ and ___________

A

stress hormones
acts on the ANS

34
Q

What are the four main hormones involved in stress response

A

cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

35
Q

How is cortisol released?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by hypothalamus sent to —-> pituitary which releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) sent to —–> adrenal glands which releases cortisol

36
Q

Cortisol is released from the ____________ and functions by:
altering __________
increasing _______________ for _________
decreasing ______________

A

Cortisol is released from the adrenal glands and functions by:
altering metabolism
increasing blood sugar for energy
decreasing inflammatory response.

37
Q

How does cortisol also act as an antiinflammatory

A

hinders the body’s natural response to immunologic or inflammatory insults by:
inhibiting replication of T-cells
giving negative feedback to IL-1

38
Q

_________is released from the adrenal glands functions by:
altering metabolism
increasing blood sugar for energy
decreasing inflammatory response.

A

Cortisol is released from the adrenal glands and functions by:
altering metabolism
increasing blood sugar for energy
decreasing inflammatory response.

39
Q

in addition to cortisol the adrenal glands stimulate catecholamine release which includes _____________, _____________ and ___________.

These function to increase blood flow to heart brain, lungs and skeletal muscle.
they decrease blood flow to nonvital organs such as skin and stomach.

A

in addition to cortisol the adrenal glands stimulate catecholamine release which includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

These function to increase blood flow to heart brain, lungs and skeletal muscle.
they decrease blood flow to nonvital organs such as skin and stomach.

40
Q

in addition to cortisol the adrenal glands stimulate catecholamine release which includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

These function to increase ______________________
they decrease ________________________

A

in addition to cortisol the adrenal glands stimulate catecholamine release which includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

These function to increase blood flow to heart brain, lungs and skeletal muscle.
they decrease blood flow to nonvital organs such as skin and stomach.

41
Q

Catecholamines and cortisol are the _______ hormones

A

fight or flight hormones

42
Q

during prolonged stress growth hormone and thyroid hormone is _________

A

suppressed

43
Q

________ is released in stressful periods which encourages social contact.

A

Oxytocin is released in stressful periods which encourages social contact.

44
Q

Oxytocin is released in stressful periods which encourages _________

A

Oxytocin is released in stressful periods which encourages social contact.

45
Q

Prolonged response to stress and high levels of cortisol can cause illness-like symptoms due to cortisol being an ______________ and hindering the body’s response to ________________insults.

A

Prolonged response to stress and high levels of cortisol can cause illness-like symptoms due to cortisol being an anti-inflammatory and hindering the body’s response to immunologic and inflammatory insults.

46
Q

during the alarm stage of stress response:
-__________ and _________ is released
-suppression of _____, ______________ and _________ hormones.
-___________ hormone released (to __________-).

A

during the alarm stage of stress response:
-catecholamines and cortisol is released
-suppression of GH, thyroid hormone and reproductive hormones.
-antidiuretic hormone released (to retain fluid).

47
Q

during the _________ stage of stress response:
-catecholamines and cortisol is released
-suppression of GH, thyroid hormone and reproductive hormones.
-antidiuretic hormone released (to retain fluid).

A

during the alarm stage of stress response:
-catecholamines and cortisol is released
-suppression of GH, thyroid hormone and reproductive hormones.
-antidiuretic hormone released (to retain fluid).

48
Q

During the resistance stage of stress response:
- parasympathetic nervous system _________________-
-cortisol and catecholamine levels _____________________
- glucose levels remain high and immune system is still suppressed

A

During the resistance stage of stress response:
- parasympathetic nervous system returns many physiological functions to normal.
-cortisol and catecholamine levels partially or totally decrease
- glucose levels remain high and immune system is still suppressed

49
Q

During exhaustion stage of stress response:
- ____________ becomes impaired which causes increased risk of depression and anxiety
-energy is ___________ and tissues ________
-increased susceptibility to disease and death.

A

During exhaustion stage of stress response:
- hippocampus becomes impaired which causes increased risk of depression and anxiety
- energy is depleted and tissues degenerate
- increased susceptibility to disease and death.

50
Q

Acute stress commonly experienced effects:
emotional -
muscular-
GI-
CV-
pulm-
neuro-

A

emotional - anger, irritability, anxiety, depression
muscular- tension headaches, back pain, jaw pain, sprains and strains
GI- heart burn , flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, GERD, IBS
CV - HTN, tachycardia, palpitations, cold hands/feet, edema, chest pain
pulm - shortness of breath
neuro - miraines, dizziness, insomnia

51
Q

chronic stress commonly experienced effects:
immunologic -
GI-
endocrine -
reproductive -
pscyh -
neuro-

A

immunologic - immunosuppression
GI- increased susceptibility to “stress ulcers”
endocrine - increased risk for DM and weight gain
reproductive - decreased libido, infertility, irregular menses
pscyh - long-term mood disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse
neuro- loss of focus and memory

52
Q

How do we react to physiologic stress

A

moment-by-moment basis by feedback mechanisms which are usually specific to the individual threat.

examples: see a bee - wave it off
see intimidating person - move away from them
see car coming at you - jump out of way

53
Q

how do we react to psychosocial stress

A

not regulated with the same specificity and intrinsic feedback mechanisms, the response is more likely to be inappropriate and sustained.

ex: relationship problems - exaggerated fight
exam coming up - anxiety

54
Q

what does it mean when someones adapted

A

they have successfully created a new balance between the stressor and themselves

55
Q

What do most people use as a way of adapting to stress

A

a coping mechanism - these are not always good

56
Q

Examples of harmful adaptation

A

substances (smoking, drinking, drugs) diet (over and under eating), sleep (not enough or too much), behaviors (risk taking, self harm, over-exercising, procrastination) relationships (redirecting feelings onto family, friends co workers ect.)

MOD (9 decks)

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