Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD > Chronic inflammation and healing and tissue repair > Flashcards

Chronic inflammation and healing and tissue repair Flashcards

1
Q

Parenchymal tissue are

A

Parenchymal tissue are funcitoning cells of a body part ( such as myocyte, hepatocyte ect.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stromal Tissue is

A

Stromal Tissue is connective, supportive framework that promotes or helps to enable the function o the parenchymal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Labile cells - _____________________

A

Labile cells - continually divide and replicate
ex epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stable cells -

A

Stable cells - normally stop dividing when growth ceases, but can regenerate when given an appropriate stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Permanent cells (fixed cells) - _______________
ex. neurons cardiac myocytes, occular lens

A

Permanent cells (fixed cells) - rarely or never regenerate or divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

extracellular matrix is Material secreted by_______________ throughout the body that _________ and ________ the cells

A

extracellular matrix is Material secreted by local cells throughout the body that surrounds and supports the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three substances found within the extracellular matrix

A

fibrous structural proteins
water hydrated gels
adhesive substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does ground substance refer to

A

all the Extracellular matrix except the fibrous structural proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the fibrous structural protein types that are found in the ECM

A

collagen and elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the water-hydrated gels found in the ECM

A

hyaluronan and proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the adhesive glycoproteins

A

fibronectin and laminin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Basement membrane - underlying _______, _______, and __________cells; separates ________ from ____________

A

Basement membrane - underlying epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells; separates lining from connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Interstitial matrix - ___________ substance between ________

A

Interstitial matrix - gel-like substance between body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Integrins - transmembrane proteins that allow for:
attachment to the ______ and
communication between ______ and ______ environments

A

Integrins - transmembrane proteins that allow for:
attachment to the ECM and
communication between intracellular and extracellular environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Granulation tissue

precursor to

develops when

what does it look like

that does it contain

A

Precursor to scar tissue - develops when there is a wound that cannot be resolved with regeneration alone

highly vascularized, typically reddish, moist, soft and bumpy (or “granular”) in appearance, fragile and bleeds easy

will contain many new capillaries (angiogenesis), prolierfating fibroblasts, and residual inflammatory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Angiogenesis is the Generation of __________ from __________

relies heavily on:

A

Angiogenesis is the Generation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels

angiogenesis Relies heavily on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), produced by cells deficient in oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four major steps of angiogenesis:
1.___________________- of parent vessel basement membrane (this allows “capillary sprout”)
2.Migration of endothelial cells from __________
towards the ____________
3.___________ of endothelial cells behind the
leading edge of migrating cells
4.___________ of endothelial cells and vessel walls

A

What are the four major steps of angiogenesis:
1.Proteolytic degradation of parent vessel basement membrane allows “capillary sprout”
2.Migration of endothelial cells from parent vessel
towards the angiogenic stimulus
3.Proliferation of endothelial cells behind the
leading edge of migrating cells
4.Maturation of endothelial cells and vessel walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are examples of angiogenesis (3)

A

damaged or disrupted tissue
cancerous lesions
diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Scar formation builds on ___________________ of new vessels and loose ECM

What is the main job of fibroblasts in scar tissue

what happens to scar tissue over time

A

Scar formation builds on granulation tissue framework of new vessels and loose ECM

fibroblasts emigrate to area of injury and proliferate
they secrete COLLAGEN, proteoglycans, fibronectin and hyaluronan

scar tissues increase collagen synthesis and decrease fibroblast proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Angiogenesis can regress over weeks-months as the tissue repair process resolves and ______________

A

Angiogenesis can regress over weeks-months as the tissue repair process resolves and extra blood flow is no longer needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chemical Mediators:
-Released from ______________

-includes _________, _________, _________, __________

-Promote ________-

-Mediates _________

A

Chemical Mediators:
Released from cells that participate in tissue regeneration and healing process

Interleukins, interferons, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Promote chemotaxis of leukocytes and fibroblasts

Mediate inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Growth Factors
- Numerous types named by source of origin or effect on tissues
__________________(VEGF)
______________ (PDGF)
__________________(FGF)
___________________(EGF)
- Mediate ______, _______, and ________-
- Mediate ____________ response
- Promote ___________________
- Stimulate _____________
- Contribute to generation of _____-

A

Growth Factors
- Numerous types named by source of origin or effect on tissues
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
Epithelial growth factor (EGF)
- Mediate proliferation, differentiation, and cell metabolism
- Mediate inflammatory response
- Promote chemotaxis of leukocytes and fibroblasts
- Stimulate angiogenesis
- Contribute to generation of ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Length of each stage of healing is significantly impacted on what “__________” a wound is healing by

A

Length of each stage of healing is significantly impacted on what “intention” a wound is healing by

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

__________ intention - small, incision-like wounds with well-approximated edges

A

Primary intention - small, incision-like wounds with well-approximated edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

___________ intention - large, crater-like wounds with greater loss of tissue

A

Secondary intention - large, crater-like wounds with greater loss of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

___________ intention - large wound that is intentionally left open and then closed at a later date

A

Tertiary intention - large wound that is intentionally left open and then closed at a later date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hemostasis
-Initial ____________ at site
-↑ ____________ and ________
-___________ forms to promote ___________- and prevent entry of foreign agents
-Following blockage of vessel injury - ____________________

A

Hemostasis
-Initial blood vessel constriction at site
-↑ platelet attraction and aggregation
-Thrombus forms to promote hemostasis and prevent entry of foreign agents
-Following blockage of vessel injury - dilation and increased capillary permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

macrophages also release ________ to stimulate __________, ________ attraction and __________.

A

macrophages also release growth factors to stimulate cell growth, fibroblast attraction and angiogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Restoring structural integrity usually begins within __________

A

Restoring structural integrity usually begins within 2 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Primary aim of restoring structural integrity is to _________

A

Primary aim of restoring structural integrity is to build new tissue to fill the wound.

31
Q

During the early healing process a form of the ECM known as the ___________ is produced in the area of the injury.

What does this do

what happens to it later on

A

During the early healing process a form of the ECM known as the provisional matrix is produced in the area of the injury.

this attracts and supports fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epidermal cells.

Macrophages and fibroblasts conver provisional matrix to granulation tissue

32
Q

Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells begin __________ as early as 24 hours after injury to form _______________

they do this by secreting ________ and producing _______

A

Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells begin proliferating as early as 24 hours after injury to form granulation tissue.

they do this by secreting collagen and other components needed for healing and producing growth factor to encourage healing process.

33
Q

new epithelial barriers from between wound and external environment is called

A

reepithelialization

34
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes of restoring functional integrity

A

resolution
regeneration
replacement

35
Q

resolution

A

very mild with minimal disruption
rapid healing with minimal to no scarring

36
Q

regeneration

A

primarily with labile or stable cell types
cells may PROLIFERATE (reproduce and grow)
cells may DIFFERENTIATe (local cells mature and become specialized)
DIAPEDESIS may occur (local similar cells migrate to replace lost or damaged cells)

37
Q

Replacement

A

production of scar tissue when regeneration is not possible. (seen with injuries to permanent cells and/or extensive/major injuries

38
Q

Remodeling begins in about _________ in uncomplicated wounds and can continue for up to _________ or more.

during this time ___________ removes old _________ and ___________ lay down new _____________.

A

Remodeling begins in about 3 weeks in uncomplicated wounds and can continue for up to 6 months or more.

during this time collagenase removes old collagen and fibroblasts lay down new collagen.

39
Q

Sutured wounds - ~______ of prior strength following closure

A

Sutured wounds - ~70% of prior strength following closure

40
Q

After suture removal - ~___ of tensile strength

A

After suture removal - ~10% of tensile strength

41
Q

3 months after injury - ______ strength

A

3 months after injury - maximal strength
-70-80% of unwounded skin

42
Q

Secondary intention - wounds often undergo _____________ during proliferative and remodeling phases

A

Secondary intention - wounds often undergo contraction during proliferative and remodeling phases

scar tissue often stretches and is then smaller than the original wound, this can cause limited moevemnt and deformities

43
Q

Ulcerations are

oftn associated with

also seen with

frequent colonized by ______

A

Ulcerations are Open crater-like lesions of skin or mucous membranes oftn associated with poor perfusion.

also seen with poor inflammatory and immune responses

frequent colonized by microorganisms

44
Q

dehiscence is ____________ scar formation where the wound _____________ at the site of injury.

early following the injury indicates __________ stresses

late following injury indicates deficient ______ or _______ formation

A

dehiscence is deficient scar formation where the wound splits or bursts open at the site of injury.

early following the injury indicates mechanical stresses

late following injury indicates deficient ECM or collagen formation

45
Q

Keloid - excessive __________ production at site of injury which often exceeds ______ of wound

A

Keloid - excessive collagen production at site of injury which often exceeds margins of wound

46
Q

Risk factors for keloids - _____________,_________,______

A

Risk factors - darker pigmented skin, age 10-30 yrs, + family hx

47
Q

Hypertrophic Scar - excessive ___________ production at site of injury, less severe than ________; typically stays within ________

A

Hypertrophic Scar - excessive collagen production at site of injury, less severe than keloids; typically stays within wound margins

48
Q

Adhesions are Inappropriate ______________ between injury and nearby tissues

these inhibit ___________ of surrounding tissues

are especially frequent in _____________________.

A

Adhesions are Inappropriate fibrous connections between injury and nearby tissues

these inhibit movement of surrounding tissues

are especially frequent in intra-abdominal surgeries.

49
Q

Proud flesh is ___________ that _______________.

this can impair normal healing process from taking place

_________or __________ can allow healing process to resume.

like a keloid except with ________ instead of scar tissue.

A

Proud flesh is Excess production of granulation tissue that extends beyond anatomical edges of wound.

this can impair normal healing process from taking place

surgical removal or cauterization can allow healing process to resume.

like a keloid except with granulation instead of scar tissue.

50
Q

6 main factors affecting wound healing

A

-malnutrition
-blood flow/oxygenation
-immune and inflammatory response
-infection
-foreign bodies
-age

51
Q

how does protein play a role in wound healing

A

Protein - needed for mediation of inflammatory phase, fibroblast proliferation, collagen

52
Q

How do carbs play a role in wound healing

A

Carbohydrates - needed for energy for WBCs and reduce use of proteins for energy

53
Q

how do fats play a role in wound healing

A

Fats - needed for synthesis of new cells

54
Q

how does Vitamin C play a role in wound healing

A

Vitamin C - needed for collagen synthesis
scar remodeling is an active process so without Vc scars will weaken.

55
Q

how does Vitamin A play a role in wound healing

A

Vitamin A - needed for epithelialization, capillary formation, collagen synthesis

56
Q

how does Zinc play a role in wound healing

A

Zinc - needed for enzymes responsible for cell proliferation

57
Q

how does blood flow play a role in wound healing

A

Blood Flow - supplies nutrients and cells to injury and removes waste products, toxins, pathogens

58
Q

how does oxygen play a role in wound healing

A

Oxygen - needed for collagen synthesis and intracellular destruction of organisms by phagocytes

59
Q

Hyperbaric oxygen -

A

Hyperbaric oxygen - thought to increase partial pressure of oxygen in plasma and improve healing

60
Q

how does diabetes play a role in wound healing

A

decreased chemotaxis and phagocytosis
impaired perfusion due to microvascular disease.

61
Q

corticosteroid administration

A
62
Q

how do foreign bodies play a role in wound healing

A

having a foreign body prolongs inflammatory phase, impairs granulation tissue and scar tissue formation and contribute to pathogen invasion.

63
Q

how does being a child play a role in wound healing

A

Children
- Greater capacity for healing but may lack reserves for proper tissue repair
- Immature immune system =prolonged immune response
-Increased baseline metabolic
nutritional demands

64
Q

how does being elderly play a role in wound healing

A

Elderly
- Decreased dermal thickness, collagen content in skin, and elasticity of skin
- ↓ collagen and fibroblast synthesis
- Slower reepithelialization
- ↑ vulnerability to slower wound healing and chronic wounds

65
Q

Acute inflammation
onset is _________________

duration is ___________

feedback is usually _____________

cellular infiltrate is ________ early; _________/_________ late

tissue injury and fibrosis is usually ________, _________, and ________

local and systemic signs are ____________

A

Acute inflammation
onset is fast minutes to hours

duration is hours to days

feedback is usually self-limiting

cellular infiltrate is neutraphils early; monocytes/macrophages late

tissue injury and fibrosis is usually mild, self-limited, and minimal

local and systemic signs are prominent

66
Q

chronic inflammation is

onset - ____________

duration - _________

feedback - usually _________

cellular infiltrate - ________/______ and _______

tissue injury and fibrosis is usually _______, more _________ and ________

local and systemic signs are ____________ and may be _______.

A

chronic inflammation is

onset - slow /days

duration - weeks to years

feedback - usually self-perpetuating

cellular infiltrate - monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes

tissue injury and fibrosis is usually severe, more extensive and progressive

local and systemic signs are less prominent and may be subtle.

67
Q

Common causes of chronic inflammation is persistent _____ or ______ and ___________.

A

Common causes of chronic inflammation is persistent injury or infection and autoimmune conditions.

68
Q

in chronic inflammation you MAY see the ___________ which is ____________-

A

in chronic inflammation you MAY see the five cardinal signs which is redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

69
Q

What are examples of causes of chronic inflammation

A

persistent injury or infection
autoimmune conditions

70
Q

Prolonged _________ causes increased production of ________ which increases _____ which blocks ________ which allows absorption of _____
this is how chronic inflammation creates _______.

A

Prolonged chronic inflammation causes increased production of IL-6 which increases hepcidin which blocks ferroportin which allows absorption of iron
this is how chronic inflammation creates anemia.

71
Q

nonspecific chronic inflammation causes
- diffuse accumulation of ________ and _______ at the site of injury
-cytokines produced by underlying cause lead to persistent __________ of _____ and _______
-significant scar tissue formation often replaces normal ________ and ________ tissues.

A

nonspecific chronic inflammation causes
- diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes at the site of injury
-cytokines produced by underlying cause lead to persistent chemotaxis of WBCs and fibroblasts
-significant scar tissue formation often replaces normal stromal and parenchymal tissues.

72
Q

granulomatous inflammation is nodular inflammatory lesions that encase substances that are not easily destroyed by usual inflammatory and immune responses. slide 59 go over cuz extra info

A
73
Q

how does corticosteroids play a role in wound healing

A

decreased immune mediator production
decreased capillary permeability
impaired phagocytosis
inhibited fibroblast proliferation and funciton

MOD (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions