Stress and Disease

Question 1

When does one experience stress?

Answer 1

when a demand exceeds their coping ability

Question 2

Who first stated the “fight or flight” response of our body?

Answer 2

Walter B. Cannon

Question 3

Who said that physiological stress impairs our ability to resist future stressors?

Answer 3

Hans Selye

Question 4

What four things determine how stressed we get?

Answer 4

the nature of the stressor, the intensity, the duration, and our perception

Question 5

What are stimuli that triggers the alarm reactions?

Answer 5

stressors

Question 6

What is the type of stressor that just causes a general state of unpleasant arousal?

Answer 6

psychogenic stressors

Question 7

What is the type of stressor that occurs in HIGH altitudes?

Answer 7

physiologic stressors

Question 8

What is the nonspecific response of our body to stressors?

Answer 8

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Question 9

What are the five stages of GAS?

Answer 9

stressor -> stress induction -> alarm -> resistance/adaptation -> exhaustion

Question 10

What stage is the coping stage?.

Answer 10

adaptation stage = new normal homeostasis

Question 11

What is the state of “exhaustion” in our body called?

Answer 11

ALLOSTASIS

Question 12

What system of our body is in charge of the immediate response to stress?

Answer 12

nervous system (sympathetic nervous system)

Question 13

What are some neurotransmitters that take part in the stress response?

Answer 13

norepinephrine, epinephrine, catecholamines

Question 14

What is the function of catecholamines?

Answer 14

released from adrenal medulla to increase proinflammatory cytokine production

Question 15

Which system of our body is in charge of the short-term response?

Answer 15

endocrine system

Question 16

What steroid hormone gets increased during stress?

Answer 16

cortisol

Question 17

What are some of the functions of cortisol?

Answer 17

stimulates glucose production, anti-inflammatory (immunosuppression), induces T-cell apoptosis

Question 18

What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter and growth hormone?

Answer 18

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Question 19

What is the hormone that initiates histamine release?

Answer 19

Peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 20

Which system in our body is in charge of the long-term stress response?

Answer 20

immune system (decreased T-cell cytotoxicity and B cell function)

Question 21

What two body systems affect the immune system?

Answer 21

nervous and endocrine (neuroendocrine)

Question 22

What are the four body systems that can be affected by stress?

Answer 22

cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and gastrointestinal

Question 23

What are some cardiovascular stress-related disorders?

Answer 23

coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke, arrhythmias

Question 24

What is the immune stress-relation disorder?

Answer 24

SECONDARY immunodeficiency

Question 25

What are some endocrine stress-related disorders?

Answer 25

diabetes type 2, and secondary amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)

Question 26

What are some gastrointestinal stress-related disorders?

Answer 26

ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, diarrhea

Question 27

What are the two types of coping?

Answer 27

adaptive and maladaptive

Question 28

Where are catecholamines released from?

Answer 28

adrenal medulla

Question 29

What types of strategies are beneficial in coping?

Answer 29

problem-focused and social support

Question 30

What does ineffective coping lead to in healthy individuals?

Answer 30

distress or illness

Question 31

What does ineffective coping lead to in symptomatic individuals?

Answer 31

exacerbation of illness

Question 32

What stress hormones increase in the elderly?

Answer 32

catecholamines, ADH, and cortisol

Question 33

Where do excitability changes occur in the elderly?

Answer 33

limbic system and hypothalamus