Stress And Adaption

Question 1

Stressors

Answer 1

Are tension producing stimuli operating within or on any system

Question 2

Appraisal

Answer 2

How people interpret the impact of the stressor on themselves or on what is happening in what they are able to do about it

Question 3

Crisis

Answer 3

When stress overwhelms existing coping mechanisms, patients lose emotional balance, and a crisis results.

Question 4

Trauma

Answer 4

If the symptoms of stress persist beyond the duration of the stressor, a person has experienced a trauma.

Question 5

Fight or flight response

Answer 5

Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, prepares a person for action. Functions through negative feedback.

Question 6

What structures control the response of the body to a stressor?

Answer 6

The medulla oblongata, The reticular formation, and the pituitary gland

Question 7

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 7

Located in the lower portion of the brain stem, controls heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

Question 8

Parasympathetic

Answer 8

Decreases

Question 9

Sympathetic

Answer 9

Increases

Question 10

Reticular formation

Answer 10

The small cluster of neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord, continuously monitors the physiological status of the body through connections with sensory and motor tracts

Question 11

Pituitary gland

Answer 11

A small gland immediately behind the hypothalamus. It produces is necessary for adaption to stress, also regulates the secretion of thyroid, gonadal, and parathyroid hormones.

Question 12

General adaption syndrome (GAS)

Answer 12

Describes how the body response to stressors through the alarm reaction, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage. Is triggered either directly by physical events or indirectly by psychological events. The pituitary gland initiates the GAS.

Question 13

The General adaption syndrome (GAS) stages;

Answer 13

1. Alarm reaction – rising hormone levels result in increased blood volume, blood glucose levels, epinephrine and norepinephrine amounts, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, oxygen intake, and mental alertness, pupils dilate to produce a greater visual field.
2. Resistance stage-The body stabilizes. All returns to normal and the body repairs any damage that had occurred.if stress response is chronically activated allostasis occurs. This chronic arousal causes excessive wear and tear and is called allostatic load, which leads to chronic illness.
3. Exhaustion stage – occurs when the body is no longer able to resist the effects of the stressor and has depleted the energy necessary to maintain adaption. A person’s addiction to the stressors diminishes.

Question 14

Allostatic load

Answer 14

Chronic arousal of stress response with the persistence of powerful hormones causes excessive wear and tear on a person

Question 15

Primary appraisal

Answer 15

Evaluating an event for its personal meaning

Question 16

Secondary Appraisal

Answer 16

If stress is present, focuses on possible coping strategies

Question 17

Coping

Answer 17

The persons effort to manage psychological stress

Question 18

Ego defensive mechanisms

Answer 18

Regulate emotional distress and thus get a person protection from anxiety and stress. Help a person cope with stress indirectly and offer psychological protection from a stressful event.
Denial, rationalization, compensation, repression, regression, sublimation, identification, projection, conversion, displacement, reaction formation

Question 19

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Answer 19

Begins with a person experiences, witnesses, or is confronted with a Trumatic event in response with intense fear or helplessness

Question 20

Three types of crises:

Answer 20

Maturational or developmental crisis
Situational crisis
Disasters or adventitious crisis

Question 21

The Neuman systems model

Answer 21

Based on the concept of stress and reaction to it. Views the person, family, or community as it constantly changes in response to the environment and stressors and helps explain individual, family, and community response to stressors.

Question 22

Situational factors influencing stress and coping

Answer 22

Arises from personal or family job changes for relocation, adjusting to chronic illness, uncertainty associated with treatment and illness, paying for treatment

Question 23

Maturational factors influencing stress and coping

Answer 23

Stressors Mary with life stage.

Example) adolescent search for identity, old age loss of functions

Question 24

Sociocultural factors influencing stress and coping

Answer 24

Environmental and social stressors lead to developmental problems. Ex) handicapped, abuse, homelessness

Question 25

Health promotion to decrease stress

Answer 25

Regular exercise
Support system
Time management
Guided imaginary in visualization
Progressive muscle relaxation 
Assertiveness training
Journal writing
Stress management in the workplace

Question 26

Stress

Answer 26

And experience to which a person is exposed through a stimulus or stressor. Can be physical, emotional, psychological

Question 27

Homeostasis

Answer 27

The tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium well continually changing

Question 28

Physiologic homeostasis

Answer 28

Mechanism that regulates the body’s internal environment.

Primarily the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system

Question 29

Psychological homeostasis

Answer 29

Mechanism that help maintain a state of mental well-being. Coping or defense mechanisms

Question 30

Characteristics of homeostatic mechanisms

Answer 30

Self regulating
Compensatory
Regulated by negative feedback
May require several feedback mechanisms to correct one imbalance

Question 31

Physiologic stressors

Answer 31

Chemical agents
Physical agents – trauma, hot or cold, radiation
Infectious agents
Genetic disorders
Nutritional imbalance 
Hypoxia – oxygen deprivation

Question 32

Psychosocial stressors

Answer 32

Accidents and there survivors
Fear of aggression
Events of history – PTSD
developmental and life crisis
Rapid changes in the world – economic, political, Teknowledge

Question 33

Responses to stress

Answer 33

Physiologic response- fight or flight
Local adaption syndrome
General adaption syndrome
Psychological response-coping
Anxiety

Question 34

Local adaption syndrome

Answer 34

Inflammatory response

Destroys or dilutes the injurious agent, localizes the destruction, promotes wound healing

Question 35

Signs of inflammation

Answer 35

Pain, swelling, redness, heat, impaired function

Question 36

Stages of inflammation

Answer 36

1. Cellular and vascular changes – control bleeding/histamine release, increased capillary permeability Anna increase bloodflow in white blood cells.
2. Formation of inflammatory exudate-neutrophils increase, exudate in the form of pus occurs, containing dead white blood cells, Necrotic tissue, and fluids that escape from damaged cells.
3. Tissue repair and replacement – healthy cells divide, white blood cells trigger new blood vessel growth and scar tissue formation

Question 37

Types of exudate

Answer 37

Serous-watery
Catarrhal-discharge of mucus membrane
Purulent-green, yellow pus
Fibrinous-sticky
Hemorrhagic-RBC, sangunus

Question 38

Anxiety

Answer 38

They sense of impending doom or apprehension that has no identifiable source.
Four levels- mild, moderate, severe, panic

Question 39

Stress assessment

Answer 39

Subjective data
Objective data
Factors to assess – perception of stressor, available coping resources, maladaptive coping used, adherence to healthy practices