Stress and Adaptation Flashcards
T/F: Stress is a normal physiological response?
True
What are the types of stress responses?
neuro-endocrine response or psycho- neuro immunological response
What does homeostasis resist to?
internal and external disturbances
What are the components of negative feedback mechanisms?
- sensor detecting change
- integrator and comparator that sums and compares
- effector system that returns sensed function within that range point
General Adaptive syndrome
Response to stressors was a process that us to resist challenge by using the function of the system best able to respond to it
Three stages of GAS
- alarm stage
- resistance stage
- exhaustion stage
Alarm stage
stimulation of sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis
The alarm stage results in what being released?
catecholamines and cortisol
The resistance stage
body selects the most effective channels of defence
What drug has decreased levels during the resistance stage?
cortisol levels decrease after the first stage as they are not needed
Exhaustion stage
stressor is being prolonged and overwhelms the body to defend itself
- resources are depleated and wear and tear starts to begin
Where are stressors and do they always lead to stress?
they are everywhere and not always lead to stress
What leads to the stress repsonse?
stimuli and perception
Three components of stress
- the stressors
- the stress response
- pathophysiological sequelae that occurs
Is a stress a response or something that happens to us?
a response
Different types of stressors and their names
positive (eustressors) and negative (distressors) or neutral
How do neutral stressors work?
dont lead to stress response until we change them to positive or negative
What effects do external demands trigger?
emotional, behavioural and physical reactions
How are external stimuli categorized?
By three categories
- quantity
- quality
- duration
External stimuli: quantity
identifies the negative consequence of stress resulting from an accumulation of stressors either positive or negative in too short of a period of time
External stimuli: quality
major changes affecting a large or small number of people; daily hassels which normal people complain of stress response
External stimuli: duration
- can be acute or limited
- can be sequential
- can be chronic
- can be chronic intermittent
Individual judgement
Stress is an individual’s conscious appraisal that a disturbance has occurred
What challenges a persons ability to cope?
individual judgement
Physiological Response to stress
responses to life events
- depression
- anxiety
- excitement
- anticipatory events
What are the primary hormones involved in stress response?
- glucocorticoid
- mineralocorticoids
- cataecholamines
What is glucocorticoid mainly consist of?
cortisol
What is the effect of glucocorticoid?
- maintains blood glucose levels by antagonizing effect of insulin
- enhances effects of catecholamines on cv system
- suppresses osteoblast activity
protect against the effects of stressor and focus energy on regaining balance
What makes up mineralocorticoids?
primarily aldosterone
Catecholamines consist of?
epinephrine, norepinephrine and small amount of dopamine
What are the three main layers the compose a retroperitoneal gland?
outer capsule, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Outer capsule
- tough fibrous capsule enclosed in fat for protection
Adrenal cortex
- forms bulk of the gland
- accounts for 80-90%
- 3 divisions
Adrenal medulla (inner most)
- knot of nervous tissue
- part of sympathetic nervous system
- accounts for 10-20%
Adrenal cortex has how many layers?
3
What are they layers of adrenal cortex
- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasciculata
- zona reticulata
What does the zona glomerulosa primary produce?
aldosterone
What does the zona fasciculata produce?
primarily cortisol
What are some examples of stressors?
Trauma
- Surgery
- Temperature extremes
- Disasters
- Medications (chemo/radiation)
- Malnutrition
- Prolonged exercise
- Pain (acute + chronic)
- New baby
- New job
- Grief
- Bereavement
- Aging
- Obesity