Childhood Obesity Flashcards
Prevalence of obesity is so high that the World Health organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now refer to the matter as what?
Obesity Epidemic
World Watch Institute released a report a report in the year 2000 stating “For the first time in human history, the number of overweight people rivals who?
the number of underweight people
How much are the U.S adults are considered obese?
A) 1/2
B) 3/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/4
C
The rates of childhood obesity have ____________ since 1980 in the U.S.
A) doubled
B) tripled
C) quadrupled
D) declined
B
According to the WHO, “_____ million children under five are estimated to be overweight worldwide”
22 million
Unless effective population-level interventions to reduce obesity are developed, the steady rise in life expectancy observed in the modern era may soon come to an end and the youth of today may, on average, live less healthy and possible even shorter lives than their parents.
True or False?
True
Parents and their children could, in the future could by vying for a limited number of hospital beds.
True or False?
True
Canadian Community Health Survey conducted between 2009-11 revealed that a reported ___________% of 5-11 year olds were overweight or obese (CCHS).
This is relatively stable from 2005-2013
No update since 2013 by stats Canada
32.8% (one third)
Do obese children and adolescents typically outgrow childhood obesity?
No
Data from studies show that obese children aged 10-13 have an _____% chance of becoming obese adults.
Many more children who are not overweight or obese will gain excess weight in adulthood.
80%
Trends in weight gain forecast that approximately _______ of normal weight 20 year olds will become overweight within 8 years and approximately ______ of overweight 20 year olds will become obese within 8 years
1/3
In 20 years, we can expect ______% of the 35-44 year olds in Canada to be overweight or obese vs. 57% who are currently overweight or obese.
70%
The burden on the healthcare system due to obesity-related illnesses, will be enormous, which is why there is so much at stake in halting these trends now.
True or False?
True
How is overweight and obesity in adults is measured?
using Body Mass Index (BMI)
How is a person’s Body Mass Index determined?
weight (in kg) divided by the square of their height in meters squared
According to BMI, at what point is an adult considered obese?
BMI greater than 30 kg/m2
According to BMI, adult ideal BMI lies between what “kg/m2”?
18.5-24.9 kg/m2
According to BMI, what would one be if they were defined as 25-30 kg/m2?
Overweight
According to BMI, what would one be if they were defined as over 30 kg/m2?
Obese
Since children grow at different rates based on age, and because they also vary in growth patterns by gender, ideal weight is based on what?
growth charts
You will likely see a number of different measurement styles for growth charts, but they will all be based on growth charts specific for a child’s age and gender.
True or False?
True
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts are used to assess the weight of who?
children in the U.S.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts are used to assess weight in children in the U.S. Plotting a child’s BMI on the growth chart appropriate for age and gender will allow you to see what ________________ the child’s weight falls within.
percentile
Children with BMIs below the 5th percentile are considered to be what?
underweight
Children with BMIs on or between the 5th and 85th percentile are considered to be what?
at their ideal weight
Children with BMIs above the 85th but below the 95th percentile are considered to be what?
overweight
Children with BMIs at or above the 95th percentile for their gender and age are considered to be what?
obese
What are known as the “gold standard” for assessing growth in Canadian children, as of 2010?
WHO (World Health Organization) growth charts
The World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts are the “gold standard” for assessing growth in Canadian children, as of 2010. These are thought to more accurately reflect growth in Canadian children and were created based on populations in a number of different countries.
True or False?
True
The World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts are the “gold standard” for assessing growth in Canadian children, as of 2010.
What are the three categories the set of parameters are broken down into?
Birth - age 2, 2-5 years, and 5-19 years
The World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts are the “gold standard” for assessing growth in Canadian children, as of 2010.
In the Ages 5-19 years category, what is assessed as BMI-for-age above the 85th percentile, specific for gender?
Overweight
The World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts are the “gold standard” for assessing growth in Canadian children, as of 2010.
In the Ages 5-19 years category, what is it known as if one is at or above 97th percentile for their age and gender is considered obese for 5-19-year-old group?
Obesity
The World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts are the “gold standard” for assessing growth in Canadian children, as of 2010.
In the Ages 5-19 years category, what is it known as if one is at or above the 99.9th percentile?
Severe Obesity
In Canada, what age group is most affected by overweight and obesity?
adolescents
In Canada, adolescents are the age group most affected by overweight and obesity.
From 1978/1978 to 2004, the proportion of overweight children between 2 and 5 years old remained the same, although obesity, previously unseen in this age group, rose to 6% in 2004.
True or False?
True
Combined, Overweight and obesity rates doubled in those 6-11 years old, from 1978/1979 to 2004, and almost tripled in 2011 compared to levels reported in 1978/1979.
True or False?
True
Obesity in the 12-17 year-old group _____________, while the population of overweight and obese more than doubled since the previous measurement in 1978/1979.
tripled
What are two factors identified with obesity risk by the Canadian Community Health Survey?
- More than 2 hours of screen time per day (either TV viewing, computer time or video gaming) and
- consumption of less than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day
Obesity is caused by an imbalance between what two things?
Energy In (in the form of intake of nutrient dense foods) and Energy Out (in the form of activity)
What type of energy is this? Energy In or Out?
Energy in the form of intake of nutrient dense foods.
Energy In
What type of energy is this? Energy In or Out?
Energy in the form of activity
Energy Out
There are many variables that dictate what the intake/output ratio will look like.
Obesity is therefore a simple problem with a single cause and there are many simple solutions.
True or False?
False (Obesity is therefore not a simple problem with a single cause and there are no simple solutions.)
Which of the following can contribute to obesity?
A) Conditions in the family and home
B) Availability of facilities for leisure-time activities can have an impact.
C) Public transportation
D) Safety and quality of healthcare
E) Education level may impact food and nutrition choices regionally or nationally
F) All of the above
F
National perspective on education, healthcare and nutrition can also complicate the picture.
True or False?
True
Internationally, what two things are especially important for child nutrition?
media and particularly food advertising
A study in the U.S on January 6, 2004 established that:
30% (6212 children and adolescents over five years of age) of US children and adolescents will eat what everyday?
fast food
Children who eat fast food consume how many additional calories daily?
187
Children who eat fast food consume 187 additional calories daily.
This totals how many pounds of weight gain per year?
6 (six)
What is a factor of obesity since overweight and obesity occurs more than often in the African-Hispanic and Native-American population than in Caucasian children in the US; Aboriginal children are more often affected in Canada?
Ethnicity
Adolescent males of ____________ descent and adolescent ______________ ________________ females predisposed to the development of obesity, given the right condition.
Hispanic and African American
What is a factor of obesity since the biggest predictive factor in childhood obesity appears to be obesity in one or both parents and is related more strongly with ____________ obesity?
Genetics and maternal
Children obviously consume the same diet as their parents and have also been shown to do what?
mirror their activity level
What are risk factors among African American children?
frequent sweets and sugar sweetened drinks
What are risk factors among Caucasian children?
(higher risk with frequent) consumption of snacks with high fat content
What are risk factors among Hispanic children?
inactivity, consumption of multiple servings of fruit
Studies have shown that parents may not recognize their child as overweight and may not be aware of the associated health consequences and seriousness of the situation.
True or False?
True
Since parents are responsible for food purchases and meal preparation, their lack of awareness may worsen the problem.
True or False?
True
Which figures in a child’s life have the greatest opportunity to make the lifestyle changes?
Parents
When parents refuse to recognize the problem, it may lead to continued weight gain over the remaining years and maintenance of overweight or obese status into when?
Adulthood
Besides the risks to the child’s health, their quality of life may suffer due to their extra pounds.
Dr. Jeffrey Schwimmer and his associates examined quality of life questionnaires from children and adolescents and discovered that obese children give a quality of life score similar to who?
cancer patients
The Economist magazine cover from the year 2003 shows that we have evolved into humans over thousands of years, yet it has only taken a few decades to develop into an overweight society.
True or False?
True
The article in The Economist, talks about days gone by when the rich were fat and the poor were thin, as opposed to today’s situation where the rich are _______ and the poor are ________ and there is great concern over the epidemic of obesity that is sweeping the globe.
thin and fat
With the invention of personal computers and video games, children are far more active! After school is and always has been a time to play ball in the park or hide and seek in your neighbourhood. Everything is fine!
True or False?
False
the problem of inactivity is compounded by the fact that playing video games or watching TV is often accompanied by snacking on what?
high fat, calorie-dense foods
Obesity can lead to what psychological issue?
poor self-esteem and in some cases depression
Those who are _____________ are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer, liver disease, osteoarthritis, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and any number of cardiovascular diseases.
obese
For years, what was considered somewhat passive?
adipose tissue
What is the main storage deport for triglycerides, which are the most common form of lipid consumed in a meal?
adipose tissue
It was discovered a decade ago that adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes a number of substances including what two things?
hormones and inflammatory molecules (now referred to as adipokines)
It was discovered a decade ago that adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes a number of substances including hormones and inflammatory molecules (now referred to as adipokines)
These secreted substances allow different tissues in the body to interact to maintain what?
lipid homeostasis
Chronic exposure of tissues to high levels of __________ and their sometimes toxic ________________ ______-___________________ is now considered the root cause of many of the health problems associated with obesity
lipids and metabolic by-products
Obesity is a known risk for cardiovascular disease in general but manifestation as what is less clear?
ischemic stroke
What type of obesity causes the greatest risk of stroke?
central obesity
Greater waist-to-hip ratio increased the risk of ischemic stroke in both men and women, although the risk was greater in who?
Men
Risk of stroke from greater waist-to-hip ratio was shown at all ages but there appeared to be a greater risk among those younger or older than 65?
younger than 65
Fat deposited around central organs is associated with higher risk of stroke. What is this called?
Visceral adiposity
Obesity may lead to type II diabetes over time because of what two factors?
dysregulated lipid metabolism (which can then cause) and Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance is common in obesity, and cannot be reversed by lifestyle changes.
True or False?
False (Insulin resistance is common in obesity, but can be reversed by lifestyle changes)
Insulin resistance can eventually lead to _____________________ when the pancreas fails to be able to produce sufficient insulin to affect glucose uptake in cells.
This could lead to ____________________ and diabetes if not corrected
hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia with altered blood flow and vascular endothelial damage may lead to what?
diabetic retinopathy (and eventual blindness)
What are two of the biggest risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis?
Obesity and inactivity
Obesity and inactivity are two of the biggest risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis, which can cause what two diseases?
coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease